Serosurvey of West Nile virus in equids and bovids in Spain

Jiménez‐Clavero, Miguel Ángel; Tejedor, Concepción Gómez; Rojo, Gema; Soriguer, Ramón C.; Figuerola, Jordi

doi:10.1136/vr.161.6.212

Cited by 28 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The study revealed a seroprevalence of 8 per cent in horses and 0 per cent in cattle (Jimenez-Clavero and others 2007). As the feral horse population appeared to be the target for WNV infection in the area, a follow-up study was conducted in order to evaluate the evolution of the seroprevalence to WNV in the long term.…”

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confidence: 95%

“…WEST Nile virus (WNV) activity has been recognised in southern Europe for decades, but evidence of WNV circulation in Spain has only recently been found, when serological and virological monitoring in populations of wild birds (Figuerola and others 2007, 2008, Höfle and others 2008, Jimenez-Clavero and others 2008), horses (Jimenez-Clavero and others 2007) and human beings (Bofill and others 2006, Kaptoul and others 2007) was carried out. However, the lack of observed bird mortalities and the practical absence of disease in horses and human beings suggest that the circulation of the virus is essentially silent.…”

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West Nile virus serosurveillance in horses in Doñana, Spain, 2005 to 2008

et al. 2010

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WEST Nile virus (WNV) activity has been recognised in southern Europe for decades, but evidence of WNV circulation in Spain has only recently been found, when serological and virological monitoring in populations of wild birds (Figuerola and others 2007, Höfle and others 2008, Jimenez-Clavero and others 2008, horses (Jimenez-Clavero and others 2007) and human beings (Bofill and others 2006, Kaptoul and others 2007) was carried out. However, the lack of observed bird mortalities and the practical absence of disease in horses and human beings suggest that the circulation of the virus is essentially silent. Current evidence supports a model in which WNV persists for a long time in a sylvatic, enzootic cycle, restricted to populations of wild birds that either remain asymptomatic or in which the disease goes unnoticed, with no (or only seldom) spillover that rarely progresses to affect peridomestic habitats (Zeller and others 2004).The Guadalquivir marshes in Doñana National Park, south-west Spain, and adjoining wetlands constitute a favourable habitat for WNV circulation. Recently, the authors' group found relevant seroprevalences to WNV in wild bird populations from these wetlands, particularly in common coots (Fulica atra) others 2007, 2008). During three consecutive winters (October 2003 to February 2006, a number of WNV seroconversions were detected in individual birds from this population, supporting the existence of an enzootic cycle. Moreover, the decline of WNV seroprevalence during the period examined, along with seroreversions (reduction of virus neutralisation titres by at least fourfold or disappearance of detectable virus neutralisation titres [Thrusfield 2005]) that were detected in several individuals, indicated both a decrease in the exposure of this population to WNV and a limited duration of neutralising antibodies to WNV, at least in this bird species.In 2005, a serosurvey was conducted in 156 feral horses and 194 cattle living in the Guadalquivir marshes. The study revealed a seroprevalence of 8 per cent in horses and 0 per cent in cattle (JimenezClavero and others 2007). As the feral horse population appeared to be the target for WNV infection in the area, a follow-up study was conducted in order to evaluate the evolution of the seroprevalence to WNV in the long term. This feral horse population is not considered to be peridomestic, since it lives outdoors in the marshes, far from humanised habitats, all year round. Sera taken from these horses in the summer months of 2007 and 2008 were examined using the same virus neutralisation test in microtitre format (micro-VNT) that was employed in the first survey. The horses were identified by numbered ear tags and individual microchips. In 2005, 16 of 156 horses showed neutralising antibodies to WNV (Table 1). Two years later, in 2007, 152 horses were examined, including 10 that had been VNT-positive in 2005. Of these, four remained VNT-positive and six had reverted to VNT-negative status. The remaining 142 horses gave negative results in the VNT...

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West Nile virus serosurveillance in horses in Doñana, Spain, 2005 to 2008

et al. 2010

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“…Un pourcentage significatif de personnes ont présenté des anticorps contre le VWN en Roumanie, Espagne, Grèce et Russie (Lozano & Filipe, 1998;Cernescu et al 2000;Platonov et al 2001;Bofill et al 2006 ;. De plus, des anticorps ont été trouvés chez des chevaux (avec une séroprévalence pouvant varier d'un à 15%) en France, Espagne, Croatie, Roumanie et Russie (Murgue et al 2001;Vasil'ev et al 2005 ;Jimenez-Clavero et al 2007;Madic et al 2007). Par contre, des rapports récents ne font état, en Allemagne ou au RoyaumeUni, d'aucune circulation du VWN (Linke et al 2007;Phipps et al 2008).…”

Section: Flambée De Cas D'infections Par Le Virus West Nile En Europeunclassified

Le virus West Nile: diagnostic, surveillance et évolution épidémiologique en Europe

Lecollinet¹,

Beck²,

Zientara³

2012

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West Nile virus is an arbovirus affecting horses and humans, highly susceptible incidental and deadend hosts. Its presence in Europe is not new, as West Nile virus infections were first reported in the 1960’ s : at the time, human and equine cases had already been described in France in the Camargue region. After 30 years without any reported outbreak, West Nile virus re-emerged in Europe at the end of the 90’ s with limited (Czech Republic 1997, Italy 1998, France 2000) or large-scale sporadic outbreaks (Romania 1996, Russia 1999). More recently, a resurgence of WNV has been observed since 2008, probably related to changes in the multiple viral strains present in Europe, and in ecological and climatic conditions favourable to the multiplication of vector mosquitoes. This resurgence peaked in 2010, with unprecedented numbers of equine outbreaks and human cases in numerous countries in Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean basin : 8 countries (Bulgaria, Spain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania and Russia) were affected, with large-scale foci in Greece and Russia. Even though an equine vaccine is available in Europe since 2009, the control of West Nile Virus infection still relies heavily on reinforced surveillance of neurological conditions in humans and horses.

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“…Un pourcentage significatif de personnes présentant des anticorps contre le VWN a été observé en Roumanie, Espagne et Russie (Lozano & Filipe, 1998;Cernescu et al 2000;Platonov et al 2001;Bofill et al 2006). De même, des anticorps ont été aussi trouvés chez des chevaux (1-15 %) en France, Espagne, Croatie, Roumanie et Russie (Murgue et al 2001 ;Vasil'ev et al 2005 ;Ozkul et al 2006;Jimenez-Clavero et al 2007;Madic et al 2007). Par contre, des rapports récents ne font état, en Autriche, Allemagne ou au Royaume-Uni, d'aucune circulation du VWN (Weissenbock et al 2003 ;Linke et al 2007 ;Phipps et al 2008 Des études visant à identifier des facteurs environnementaux susceptibles de favoriser cette réémergence ont été entreprises en France (Leblond et al 2005(Leblond et al , 2007.…”

Section: Les Espèces Hôtesunclassified

La fièvre du Nil occidental et la fièvre catarrhale ovine, deux viroses en progression inattendue

Zientara¹,

Lecollinet²,

Bréard³

et al. 2009

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This paper describes the spread of two arboviral diseases in Europe, and the control measures implemented by health authorities. Bluetongue, which affects only animals, occurred for the first time in Europe in 1998, and West Nile Fever, which affects horses and humans, re-emerged in 1996. Up until 1998, bluetongue was considered as an exotic disease. In 2006 and 2007, its unexpected explosion in Northern Europe highlighted the emergence and expansion capacities of vector-borne diseases. Surprisingly, the disease became perennial in Europe, rapidly spreading to eight European countries and crossing the English Channel and contaminating several herds in England. Its expansion resulted from vector movements carried over long distances by the wind (100 km), and followed a centrifugal pattern in 2006/2007. By 2008, the bluetongue virus (BTV) was occupying a wider European territory. The only control measure available is vaccination, which has been largely implemented in 2008. West Nile fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, whose amplifying hosts are birds, whereas horses and humans are incidental but particularly sensitive hosts. West Nile fever appeared in Europe in the 60’s and 70’s, especially in the Camargue region of France, with sporadic foci. At the end of the 90’s, besides the introduction and expansion of the virus on the American continent, major epidemics affected several hundreds of people in Europe (Romania in 1996 and Russia in 1999). Since then, four distinct episodes of West Nile virus (WNV) circulation, associated with clinical cases in horses, were reported in France : in the Camargue region in 2000 and 2004, in the Var department in 2003 and in the Eastern Pyrenees in 2006. An increase in WNV activity was observed in Europe in 2008, with cases of infection reported in Italy, Romania, Hungary and Austria. An inactivated vaccine (Fort Dodge) has recently received a marketing agreement from the European commission. However, until now, control measures rely exclusively on a reinforced surveillance of neurological conditions in humans and animals (horses and birds generally), and on information of exposed people.

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Serosurvey of West Nile virus in equids and bovids in Spain

Cited by 28 publications

References 3 publications

West Nile virus serosurveillance in horses in Doñana, Spain, 2005 to 2008

West Nile virus serosurveillance in horses in Doñana, Spain, 2005 to 2008

Le virus West Nile: diagnostic, surveillance et évolution épidémiologique en Europe

La fièvre du Nil occidental et la fièvre catarrhale ovine, deux viroses en progression inattendue

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