Serosurvey for Influenza D Virus Exposure in Cattle, United States, 2014–2015

Abstract

Influenza D virus has been detected predominantly in cattle from several countries. In the United States, regional and state seropositive rates for influenza D have previously been reported, but little information exists to evaluate national seroprevalence. We performed a serosurveillance study with 1,992 bovine serum samples collected across the country in 2014 and 2015. We found a high overall seropositive rate of 77.5% nationally; regional rates varied from 47.7% to 84.6%. Samples from the Upper Midwest and Mountain West regions showed the highest seropositive rates. In addition, seropositive samples were found in 41 of the 42 states from which cattle originated, demonstrating that influenza D virus circulated widely in cattle during this period. The distribution of influenza D virus in cattle from the United States highlights the need for greater understanding about pathogenesis, epidemiology, and the implications for animal health.

Detection of a New Genetic Cluster of Influenza D Virus in Italian Cattle

“…Cattle are considered the major reservoir of IDV and the role of this recently discovered influenza virus in BRD still remains controversial [23,24]. We performed a virological screening for IDV from samples collected from cattle belonging to farms in Northern Italy with respiratory symptoms.…”

“…The knowledge of the influenza viral circulation in a territory allow for prompt identification of the emergence of new reassortant strains with unpredictable virological properties. Given the economic impact of BRD in the cattle industry and the potential contribution of IDV to the disease [6][7][8]24], continuous surveillance is required to characterize its evolution.…”

Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Influenza C Virus

“…The recent development of RT-PCR for ICV detection has resulted in expanded understanding of ICV clinical characteristics, seasonality, and molecular epidemiology. A related novel influenza D virus (IDV), was discovered in swine in Oklahoma in 2011 and has been detected in other mammals [15][16][17][18][19]; however, while cattle workers exhibit seropositivity, no definitive evidence of productive human infection with IDV has been reported [20,21]. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of ICV.…”

Risk Mapping of Influenza D Virus Occurrence in Ruminants and Swine in Togo Using a Spatial Multicriteria Decision Analysis Approach

“…Since then, several studies have shown presence of the virus or anti-IDV antibodies in other species, including cattle, small ruminants, camelids, horses, and feral-swine [2][3][4][5]. The distribution of IDV is very wide since the virus has already been detected in America [6][7][8][9], Europe [10][11][12][13], Asia [14,15], and Africa [2], although the circulation of IDV in these continents, particularly Africa, is poorly understood. In Africa, serological evidence of the IDV circulation has been found in Benin, Togo, Morocco, and Kenya, but the virus has not yet been isolated on the continent [2].…”