Seroprevalence to the Circumsporozoite Protein Peptide Antigen of <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> in Korean Children

Lim, Chae Seung; Yoon, Jae Kyun; Chang, Eun Ah; Suh, In Bum; An, Seong Soo A.; Lee, Kee Hyoung; Chung, Ji Tae; Tockgo, Young Chang

doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03757.x

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…no anti-CSP antibodies were found, suggesting that these infections may have originated from liver forms. However, the sensitivity of the CSP ELISA test is not optimal (60–77%) and exposure to new infections cannot be categorically ruled out [32]–[34]. Indeed, the OD of the CSP positive samples were generally weak, an expected result when considering the low number of sporozoites per inoculation and the short time they circulate in the blood stream [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium vivax Sub-Patent Infections after Radical Treatment Are Common in Peruvian Patients: Results of a 1-Year Prospective Cohort Study

et al. 2011

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BackgroundThere is an increasing body of literature reporting treatment failure of the currently recommended radical treatment of Plasmodium vivax infections. As P. vivax is the main malaria species outside the African continent, emerging tolerance to its radical treatment regime could have major consequences in countries like Peru, where 80% of malaria cases are due to P. vivax. Here we describe the results of a 1-year longitudinal follow up of 51 confirmed P. vivax patients living around Iquitos, Peruvian Amazon, and treated according to the Peruvian national guidelines.MethodologyEach month a blood sample for microscopy and later genotyping was systematically collected. Recent exposure to infection was estimated by detecting antibodies against the P. vivax circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and all PCR confirmed P. vivax infections were genotyped with 16 polymorphic microsatellites.ResultsDuring a 1-year period, 84 recurrent infections, 22 positive also by microscopy, were identified, with a median survival time to first recurrent infection of 203 days. Most of them (71%) were asymptomatic; in 13 patients the infection persisted undetected by microscopy for several consecutive months. The genotype of mostly recurrent infections differed from that at day 0 while fewer differences were seen between the recurrent infections. The average expected heterozygosity was 0.56. There was strong linkage disequilibrium (IAs = 0.29, p<1.10−4) that remained also when analyzing only the unique haplotypes, suggesting common inbreeding.ConclusionIn Peru, the P. vivax recurrent infections were common and displayed a high turnover of parasite genotypes compared to day 0. Plasmodium vivax patients, even when treated according to the national guidelines, may still represent an important parasite reservoir that can maintain transmission. Any elimination effort should consider such a hidden reservoir.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium vivax Sub-Patent Infections after Radical Treatment Are Common in Peruvian Patients: Results of a 1-Year Prospective Cohort Study

et al. 2011

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“…The best studied antigens are Pv CSP, Pv AMA1, and Pv MSP1-19 [15,44,45,58]; as these antigens have orthologues in P. falciparum , the extent of antibody cross-reactivity needs to be determined. Seroprevalence of Pv CSP has been associated with other measures of transmission intensity [58-60], and seroreactivity to Pv MSP1-19, Pv AMA1, or Pv CSP has been used as a marker of P. vivax transmission in regions where parasite prevalence was low [44,61,62]. Further research is required to investigate the potential of these antigens and expand the repertoire of P. vivax antigens as candidates for sero-surveillance as evidence supporting the use of antigens in sero-surveillance or as biomarkers of exposure is currently very limited.…”

Section: Development Of Serological Tests For Malaria Surveillancementioning

confidence: 99%

Research priorities for the development and implementation of serological tools for malaria surveillance

Elliott¹,

Fowkes²,

Richards³

et al. 2014

F1000Prime Rep

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Surveillance is a key component of control and elimination programs. Malaria surveillance has been typically reliant on case reporting by health services, entomological estimates and parasitemia (Plasmodium species) point prevalence. However, these techniques become less sensitive and relatively costly as transmission declines. There is great potential for the development and application of serological biomarkers of malaria exposure as sero-surveillance tools to strengthen malaria control and elimination. Antibodies to malaria antigens are sensitive biomarkers of population-level malaria exposure and can be used to identify hotspots of malaria transmission, estimate transmission levels, monitor changes over time or the impact of interventions on transmission, confirm malaria elimination, and monitor re-emergence of malaria. Sero-surveillance tools could be used in reference laboratories or developed as simple point-of-care tests for community-based surveillance, and different applications and target populations dictate the technical performance required from assays that are determined by properties of antigens and antibody responses. To advance the development of sero-surveillance tools for malaria elimination, major gaps in our knowledge need to be addressed through further research. These include greater knowledge of potential antigens, the sensitivity and specificity of antibody responses, and the longevity of these responses and defining antigens and antibodies that differentiate between exposure to Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Additionally, a better understanding of the influence of host factors, such as age, genetics, and comorbidities on antibody responses in different populations is needed.

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“…More recently, by fitting a reversible catalytic conversion model to age-stratified seroprevalence data, investigators have estimated seroconversion rates (SCRs) that are analogous to force of infection [ 16 , 18 ]. SCRs generated from several locations in Africa [ 16 , 21 , 22 ], Asia [ 23 ] and the Pacific [ 24 ] have shown close correlation with independent measures of transmission intensity such as malaria incidence among infants and young children, as well as averaged parasite prevalence and EIR values.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological markers for monitoring historical changes in malaria transmission intensity in a highly endemic region of Western Kenya, 1994–2009

Wong

Hamel

Drakeley

et al. 2014

Malar J

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BackgroundMonitoring local malaria transmission intensity is essential for planning evidence-based control strategies and evaluating their impact over time. Anti-malarial antibodies provide information on cumulative exposure and have proven useful, in areas where transmission has dropped to low sustained levels, for retrospectively reconstructing the timing and magnitude of transmission reduction. It is unclear whether serological markers are also informative in high transmission settings, where interventions may reduce transmission, but to a level where considerable exposure continues.MethodsThis study was conducted through ongoing KEMRI and CDC collaboration. Asembo, in Western Kenya, is an area where intense malaria transmission was drastically reduced during a 1997–1999 community-randomized, controlled insecticide-treated net (ITN) trial. Two approaches were taken to reconstruct malaria transmission history during the period from 1994 to 2009. First, point measurements were calculated for seroprevalence, mean antibody titre, and seroconversion rate (SCR) against three Plasmodium falciparum antigens (AMA-1, MSP-119, and CSP) at five time points for comparison against traditional malaria indices (parasite prevalence and entomological inoculation rate). Second, within individual post-ITN years, age-stratified seroprevalence data were analysed retrospectively for an abrupt drop in SCR by fitting alternative reversible catalytic conversion models that allowed for change in SCR.ResultsGenerally, point measurements of seroprevalence, antibody titres and SCR produced consistent patterns indicating that a gradual but substantial drop in malaria transmission (46-70%) occurred from 1994 to 2007, followed by a marginal increase beginning in 2008 or 2009. In particular, proportionate changes in seroprevalence and SCR point estimates (relative to 1994 baseline values) for AMA-1 and CSP, but not MSP-119, correlated closely with trends in parasite prevalence throughout the entire 15-year study period. However, retrospective analyses using datasets from 2007, 2008 and 2009 failed to detect any abrupt drop in transmission coinciding with the timing of the 1997–1999 ITN trial.ConclusionsIn this highly endemic area, serological markers were useful for generating accurate point estimates of malaria transmission intensity, but not for retrospective analysis of historical changes. Further investigation, including exploration of different malaria antigens and/or alternative models of population seroconversion, may yield serological tools that are more informative in high transmission settings.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-451) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Seroprevalence to the Circumsporozoite Protein Peptide Antigen of Plasmodium vivax in Korean Children

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

Plasmodium vivax Sub-Patent Infections after Radical Treatment Are Common in Peruvian Patients: Results of a 1-Year Prospective Cohort Study

Plasmodium vivax Sub-Patent Infections after Radical Treatment Are Common in Peruvian Patients: Results of a 1-Year Prospective Cohort Study

Research priorities for the development and implementation of serological tools for malaria surveillance

Serological markers for monitoring historical changes in malaria transmission intensity in a highly endemic region of Western Kenya, 1994–2009

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