Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg Virus Antibodies among Dairy Cattle, the Netherlands, Winter 2011–2012

Elbers, A.R.W.; Loeffen, W.L.A.; Quak, S.; Boer-Luijtze, E de; Spek, Arco N. van der; Bouwstra, Ruth; Maas, Riks; Spierenburg, Marcel; Kluijver, E.P. de; Schaik, G. van; Poel, Wim van der

doi:10.3201/eid1807.120323

Cited by 97 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…carbon dioxide, one of the strongest midge attractants (27). In this study, however, there was no correlation between age of the animal and the presence of antibodies against the SBV, which is in agreement with other studies (6). However, if SBV circulates for a longer period in Poland, the risk of exposure to infection is expected to be higher in older animals.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The half-life of SBV antibodies and their ability to neutralise the virus remain uncertain, except for the seropositive cattle, which is resistant to reinfection for at least eight weeks (24). Similarly to other European countries (6,21,25), SBV was able to overwinter in Poland without the active vector. Two possible explanations should be considered including the SBV sylvatic cycle in which the virus is transmitted among the wildlife reservoirs (3,5,13,22), and the survival of the virus in the midge population (25).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The seroprevalences in cattle and small ruminants reached up to 100%. Similarly to BTV, SBV overwintered in many geographic areas (6,21,25), including Poland, and reappeared again in 2012 and 2013 spreading across the whole continent (5). While BTV ability to survive the winter has not been explained, the transovarial transmission of SBV in the midges has been suggested (14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spread of Schmallenberg virus infections in the ruminants in Poland between 2012 and 2013

Larska

Kęsik-Maliszewska

Kuta

2014

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) specific antibodies in ruminants from 13 Polish provinces, sampled between January 2010 and August 2013. A total number of 1813 serum samples from cattle, sheep, goats, mouflon, wild and farmed cervids, and European bison were tested by ELISA for viral nucleoprotein antibodies. First SBV seropositive animals were identified in August 2012 (1.6%), and the percentage increased gradually, reaching 57.1% in December of this year. The proportion of seropositive animals in 2013 at the level of 34.2% increased tenfold in comparison to 2012 (3.4%), which was particularly significant at the level of individual provinces. In 2013, the highest percentages of SBV seropositive animals were found in Dolnoslaskie (92.3%), Podlaskie (82.3%), and Zachodniopomorskie (80.9%) provinces. Significant associations between the seroprevalence and province of origin, month, ruminant species, and insect vector activity were found, while no dependence of animal age on seropositivity was observed. The differences between SBV seropositive large and small ruminants suggested the involvement of some vector exposure factors, which needs to be further investigated.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spread of Schmallenberg virus infections in the ruminants in Poland between 2012 and 2013

Larska

Kęsik-Maliszewska

Kuta

2014

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

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“…In Belgium, a serological survey of 1082 sheep and 142 goats to detect SBV-specific antibodies by ELISA revealed a 98.03% overall between-herd seroprevalence in sheep and a 40.68% within-herd seroprevalence in goats (Meroc et al 2013b). So far, infections with SBV have been detected in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain, Denmark, Estonia, Switzerland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Poland, Austria, Switzerland and Turkey (Elbers et al 2012;Azkur et al 2013;FLI 2013a;Larska et al 2013;Meroc et al 2013a,b;Sailleau et al 2013). According to unconfirmed reports there could be infection in further European countries.…”

Section: History and Geographic Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on Schmallenberg virus infection: a newly emerging disease of cattle, sheep and goats

Pawaiya¹,

Gupta²

2013

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Schmallenberg virus (SBV) infection is an emerging infectious disease of ruminants first described in Germany in November, 2011. Since then it has spread very rapidly to several European countries. The disease is characterised by fever, reduced milk production and diarrhoea in cattle and abortions, stillbirths and foetal abnormalities in sheep and goats. SBV is an enveloped, negative-sense, segmented, single-stranded RNA virus, classified in the genus Orthobunyavirus of the Bunyaviridae family, and is closely related to Akabane, Ainoa and Shamonda viruses. As of now there is no vaccine available for SBV, which poses a serious threat to naive ruminant population. Owing to its recent discovery, our understanding of Schmallenberg viral disease and its pathology and pathogenesis is limited. This article reviews the data reported so far on this emerging disease with regard to aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis and control and discusses the future scenario and implications of the disease.

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“…23,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83] Surveys of immune responses among the camelids and ruminants at the Royal Veterinary College, London to the Schmallenberg virus have suggested that although only 3% of ruminants were seropositive in July 2012, whilst 62% had been seroconverted by November 2012 (Brownlie et al, personal communication). 24 The clinical implications and reproductive consequences of this are being studied further.…”

Section: Spreadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schmallenberg virus: continuing a trend?

Noad¹,

Brownlie²

2013

VAAT

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Abstract:Since its first isolation in Germany in 2011 the Schmallenberg strain of the Sathuperi virus has been detected across northern Europe. The virus is associated with neurological disease, abortion, and congenital deformities in ruminants, particularly among sheep and cattle. The rapid dissemination of the pathogen is reminiscent of the transmission of another midge-borne arbovirus, Bluetongue virus, which also spread to Europe on several separate occasions between 1998 and 2007. In this review we detail the characteristic features of the Schmallenberg virus and consider whether the virus highlights a European vulnerability for other midge-transmitted pathogens.

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Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg Virus Antibodies among Dairy Cattle, the Netherlands, Winter 2011–2012

Abstract: Seroprevalence was highest in the eastern part of the country, bordering Germany, where the virus was first identified.

Cited by 97 publications

References 17 publications

Spread of Schmallenberg virus infections in the ruminants in Poland between 2012 and 2013

Spread of Schmallenberg virus infections in the ruminants in Poland between 2012 and 2013

A review on Schmallenberg virus infection: a newly emerging disease of cattle, sheep and goats

Schmallenberg virus: continuing a trend?

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