Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Commercial Broiler Chickens in Duhok Governorate

scherichia coli (E. coli) is a widespread avian pathogen and usually is considered as a secondary pathogen for different infectious agents causing huge financial losses in the poultry industry. Thus, the current works aim to molecular detection of resistance and pathogenicity genes of E. coli isolated from broiler chicken farms. A total of 18 flocks out of 30 broiler flocks (60%) were positive for E. coli infection. On the base of the Congo red (CR) binding assay, 15 flocks out of 18 were identified as pathogenic E. coli (83.3%) and 3 flocks appeared as nonpathogenic E. coli (16.6%). All pathogenic E. coli were subjected to in vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing to select the most resistant isolates. Ten pathogenic E. coli isolates representing ten different broiler flocks were subjected for molecular identification via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for both resistance and virulence genes. The most predominant isolated serotypes were O91, O128, O78, O124, O 2 and O44. These strains were related to EHEC, EPEC, ETEC, and EIEC. These E. coli isolates are multidrug resistant (MDR) to extensively drug-resistant (XDR). The virulence genes tsh, papC, iss, iutA, and hlyF were detected in 50% of isolates having 5 genes and 50% having 4 genes. All the tested isolates showed MDR genes 60% of isolates were positive for 5 resistance genes and 20% were positive for 4 resistance genes and 20% were positive for resistance 3 genes. We can conclude that E. coli continues to threaten poultry industry and further studies are recommended to found safe antibiotic natural alternatives to overcome E. coli MDR existing strains side by side with strengthening the bird's immunity and application of strict hygienic measures.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Identification of Resistance and Pathogenicity Genes of E. coli Isolated From Broiler Chicken Farms

Ahmed,

Salem,

Hamoud

et al. 2024

“…The infection rate was lower in fields located north and west of the city, 11/45 (24.44%) and 5/45 (11.11%), respectively, with a statistically significant at (P > 0.05) in the infection rate between fields located east and those located north and west. The prevention and control of M. gallisepticum through good biosecurity measures, such as quarantine of new birds and limiting contact between birds from different sources, may have a role in the emergence of this result [15,17] Histopathological changes in the respiratory tract were studied to confirm the results of the serologic examination, as M. gallisepticum can cause tracheitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia, which are characterised by inflammation and infiltration of lymphocytes [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Antibodies for Mycoplasma gallisepticum by ELISA in Broiler

Taha

2024

HE POULTRY industry has become a critical component of the country's economy, and as a result, detecting and diagnosing disease infections before they spread in the herd limits the massive losses that poultry breeders face. This study was to look for serological diagnosis of mycoplasma disease in broiler using enzyme linked immune sorbent assay ELISA, as well as the histopathological changes in some organs. Between November 2021 and March 2022, this study was carried out broiler fields in Nineveh province. One hundred eighty blood samples were collected from 12 broiler fields. Results revealed the total infection rate of the examined fields was 55/180 (30.56%). In addition, percentage of M. gallisepticum infection was highest in the broiler fields located east of the province 21/45 (46.66%), followed by the percentage of infection in the fields located south of the province 18/45 (40%). While the infection rate was lower in the fields on the north and west of the province, 11/45 (24.44%) and 5/45 (11.11%), While the infection rate was lower in the fields to the north and west of the province, 11/45 (24.44%) and 5/45 (11.11%), respectively. Histopathological changes recorded severe tracheitis, severe inflammation in lung with purulent mucoid secretions in the bronchial and between the alveoli. The air sac showing also severe airsaculitis serous fibrin inflammatory secretion in the lumen with inflammatory cell of polymorphnuclear inflammatory cells infiltration and wall thickening. ELISA is a cost-effective tool for diagnosis of M. gallisepticum infection in broiler chickens, with high incidence in Nineveh province.

“…Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a member of Mycoplasma genus and belongs to the Mollicutes class, which means "soft skin" in Latina, the simplest self-proliferating microbe, phylogenetically related low G+C (Gram+) bacteria, they are cell wallless microorganisms with genome size ranging from 500-1500 kilobase pairs (kbp) [1,2]. Representatives of the Mollicutes class are immune to most antimicrobial drugs, including beta-lactam antibiotics, glycopeptides and fosfomycin, since they lack cell walls [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rise in; mortality, healthcare cost [8,9], bird carcasses with low-quality [10]. Mycoplasma costs the poultry industry a lot of money because it causes a decrease in production by 10-20% and an increase in embryo mortality by 5-10%, add to that control and prevention costs [9,11]. Among the pathogenic mycoplasmas in poultry, the International Office of Animal Epidemiology (OIE) considered MG as a must-notifiable pathogen due to its dangerous [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Isolation and Polymerase Chain Reaction in Diagnosis of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum in Broiler Chickens in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq

Hamdon,

Noomi,

AL-Rasheed

2024

HE objective of this study was to evaluate isolation, and evaluate the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to confirm diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) in broiler chickens. One of the finest independent organisms is MG, can be reproduced autonomously, the lack of a cell wall, allowed it to take on various shapes and sizes, and to resist cell-wall targeting antibiotics. When MG infect chickens it caused chronic respiratory disease (CRD), characterized by rales, sneezing, coughing, nasal discharges, dyspnea, conjunctivitis. Decreased feed intake, feed conversion, an increase in mortality, carcass damage and medication costs, causing high economic losses. Diagnosing the cause is the first step in treatment, for evaluation isolation and direct PCR a total of 180 tracheal swabs were collected from broiler chickens (28-40) days old who had symptoms of CRD, during the period (1/12/2022-28/2/2023). Prevalence of MG by, isolation and direct PCR was 30.5% (55/180) and 32.77% (57/180) respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of direct PCR were 100% and 96.8% respectively. When comparing culturing with PCR , the study found that the sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 100% respectively. The study concluded that culturing is still the golden standard test for MG detection for its high sensitivity and specificity but takes a long time, direct PCR is very fast and efficient.