Seroprevalence of<i>Toxoplasma</i><i>gondii</i>infection among children in Swaziland, southern Africa

Liao, Chien Wei; Lee, Y. L.; Sukati, Hosea; Dlamini, Phatisizwe; Huang, Ying; Chiu, C. J.; Liu, Y. H.; Chou, Chia Mei; Chiu, Wen Ta; Du, Wen-Yuan; Hung, Chien‐Ching; Chan, H.-C.; Chu, Brian; Cheng, Haipeng; Su, Jing; Tu, C.-C.; Cheng, Chien‐Chung; Fan, Chia-Kwung

doi:10.1179/000349809x12554106963474

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Nevertheless, the high infection rate implies that PSC in RMI face increased risk of T. gondii transmission and exposure. The absence of significant differences, assessed by univariate analysis, in T. gondii infection rates between the genders is in accordance with findings of previous studies (11,13). However, in contrast to another study (11), the infection rate was lower in the older age group in the present study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

“…At least 50z of PSC were shown to have been infected with T. gondii, with 30z of the children having higher titers (LA titer AE 1:1,024). The observed seroprevalence rate (54.8z) is slightly lower than that observed in our previous study on PSC in the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe in West Africa (63.1z) (12) but higher than the rates observed in other areas such as Swaziland (0.0z), Iran (20.95), and Nigeria (23.8z) (13,22,23). Such a discrepancy in seroprevalence rates between different countries is attributable to differences in ethnicity, tradition/culture, and food habits (1,12).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 41%

“…The LA test was used to screen T. gondii infection using commercial reagents (TOXO Test-MT; Eiken Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The LA test has been widely employed in several remote or isolated regions because of its high sensitivity, specificity, and ease of operation (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Positive sera samples were determined using a cutoff titer of 132.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most clinical laboratories therefore utilize serological tests such as latex agglutination (LA) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and indirect fluorescent antibody test to detect antibodies against T. gondii in infected individuals. The LA test has been widely used in remote areas of developing countries because of its high specificity and sensitivity as well as convenience (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Serological surveys of T. gondii infection have been conducted in several regions; however, seroprevalence rates vary between investigations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Primary School Children in the Capital Area of the Republic of the Marshall Islands

Chuang

Lin

et al. 2014

Jpn J Infect Dis

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SUMMARY:Although Toxoplasma gondii infection is commonly prevalent in the tropical/subtropical regions, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) remains unclear. A seroepidemiological survey was undertaken for investigating T. gondii infection in primary school children (PSC) using the latex agglutination (LA) test in the capital area of RMI. Information on demographic characteristics and environmental risk factors was collected via a structured questionnaire. Logistic regression model was applied for multivariate analysis. The overall infection rate of T. gondii was found to be 54.8z. Significant gender differences were found at different urbanization levels. PSC with LA titers of AE 1:1,024, indicating high responders, were found to be younger age group than others (8.7 years vs. 10.3 years, P ＝ 0.003); moreover, infection rates among both age groups as well as high responders showed a decreasing trend with age. Multivariate analysis revealed that residing in urban rather than suburban settings was associated with increased risk of infection (P ＝ 0.04). No associations were found between raw meat consumption, drinking unboiled water, and cleaning of cat hutch using gloves. This is the first serological survey of T. gondii infection among PSC in RMI and could help in the development of strategies in the future for disease prevention and control of T. gondii transmission.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 41%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Primary School Children in the Capital Area of the Republic of the Marshall Islands

Chuang

Lin

et al. 2014

Jpn J Infect Dis

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“…The detection of the T. gondii parasite itself is very diffi cult; hence, the diagnosis of human toxoplasmosis is typically based on serological detection of antibodies against T. gondii using latex agglutination (LA) testing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and/or indirect fl uorescent antibody testing (IFAT). Latex agglutination testing is better adapted for developing countries where rural districts often lack the equipment needed for ELISA (10) (11) (12) . Moreover, LA is also simpler and easier to perform, and it shows high qualitative agreement with the Sabin-Feldman dye test, which represents the gold standard (13) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondii infection: seroprevalence and associated risk factors among primary schoolchildren in Lagos City, Southern Nigeria

Gyang

Akinwale

Lee

et al. 2015

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction:Toxoplasma gondii infection has been described as the most widespread zoonotic infection of humans and other animals. Information concerning T. gondii infection among schoolchildren is unavailable in Lagos City, Nigeria. Methods: This crosssectional study investigated the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with T. gondii infection among primary schoolchildren (PSC) from a community located in the center of Lagos, southern Nigeria, from November 2013 to March 2014. A total of 382 PSC were screened for the presence of sera anti-T. gondii antibodies using a latex agglutination test (TOXO Test-MT, Tokyo, Japan). A cutoff titer of ≥ 1:32 was considered positive, while titers ≥ 1:1,024 indicated high responders. Questionnaires were also used to obtain data on possible risk factors from parents/guardians. Results: The overall seroprevalence was 24% (91/382), and 83.5% (76/91) of seropositive PSC were classifi ed as high responders. Among the risk factors tested, including contact with cats and soil, consumption of raw meat and vegetables, and drinking unboiled water, none showed statistical signifi cance after multivariate adjustment. No associations were observed among age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and parents' occupation/educational level. Conclusions: The fi ndings in this study show evidence of active infection, and hence, there is need for urgent preventive measures in this city. Further investigation is required to clarify the transmission routes. Policy makers also need to initiate prevention and control programs to protect pregnant women and immunocompromised patients in particular because they are more severely affected by T. gondii infection.

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Foodborne Diseases: Prevalence of Foodborne Diseases in Africa

Anelich¹

2014

Encyclopedia of Food Safety

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Seroprevalence ofToxoplasmagondiiinfection among children in Swaziland, southern Africa

Cited by 21 publications

References 20 publications

Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Primary School Children in the Capital Area of the Republic of the Marshall Islands

Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Primary School Children in the Capital Area of the Republic of the Marshall Islands

Toxoplasma gondii infection: seroprevalence and associated risk factors among primary schoolchildren in Lagos City, Southern Nigeria

Foodborne Diseases: Prevalence of Foodborne Diseases in Africa

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