Seroprevalence of HIV-2 and dual infection among HIV-infected individuals with clinical and laboratory features at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, Mangalore: The present scenario

Abstract

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to the Genus Lentiviruses and is made up of two main types HIV-1 and HIV-2 which are the causative agents of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is well documented that HIV-1 infection is predominantly found, but HIV-2 infection has also been detected occasionally now and then. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the seroprevalence of HIV-2 and dual infection in HIV-infected individuals along with the clinical presentation, co-infections, laboratory profile, and outcome of these patients. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital for 2 years from August 2013 to July 2015, after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Patients confirmed having HIV infection, as per the National AIDS Control Organization guidelines were included in the study. The sociodemographic pattern along with clinico-laboratory details and outcome were noted. Results and Discussion: In the present study, out of a total of 214 confirmed HIV-infected individuals, 2.8% ( n = 6) were HIV-2 and 1.4% ( n = 3) were dual infected where 40–50 years age group were most commonly affected. Males were more commonly affected than females in a ratio of 8:1. The most common presentation was fever ( n = 5) followed by gastrointestinal ( n = 5) symptoms. The most common opportunistic infection (OI) was tuberculosis (TB) ( n = 4) followed by oral candidiasis ( n = 2). Majority had anemia ( n = 5) with raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Furthermore, majority ( n = 7) showed improvement on discharge, whereas two ( n = 2) left against medical advice and outcome is unknown. Conclusion: We conclude that the incidence of HIV-2 and dual infection does occur in our setup with males of older age group being more commonly affected where TB is the most common OI. Hence, clinicians should keep in mind that HIV-2 infection does occur and differentiating as HIV-1, HIV-2, or dual infection is important, to provide appropriate treatment which will result in decreased morbidity and mortality rates.

Prevalence of Anemia and Its Associated Factors in Antiretroviral-Treated HIV/AIDS-Positive Adults from 2013 to 2018 at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, Ethiopia

“…However, the overall prevalence of anemia among HIV-positive adults was higher than that found in patients from Jimma (23.1%) [8], India (16.2%) [9], and Ghana (23.8%) [27]. In this study, the prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe anemia was 47%, 39%, and 14%, respectively, which is lower than the results presented from a study in China [26]. ese differences in the burden of anemia among HIV-positive patients may be related to differences in the sample size (e.g., sample size was large in Nigeria), sociodemographic disparity, characteristics of the study participants, and changes in treatment modalities.…”

“…However, the prevalence of anemia in HIV-positive patients was lower in this study than in studies conducted in other areas of Ethiopia including Debre Tabor (34%) [15], Arba Minch (53.6%) [18], Gondar (35%) [7], and Zewditu Memorial Hospital (42.9%) [14]. Similarly, our results were much lower than those found in studies of patients from Nigeria (60.61%) [22], Tanzania (56%) [23], Bayamón, Puerto Rico (41%) [24], Nepal (55.8%) [25], and China (39.2%) [26]. However, the overall prevalence of anemia among HIV-positive adults was higher than that found in patients from Jimma (23.1%) [8], India (16.2%) [9], and Ghana (23.8%) [27].…”

Anemia in HIV Patients Attending Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Clinic at Hoima Regional Referral Hospital: Prevalence, Morphological Classification, and Associated Factors

“…The prevalence of anemia in this current study was lower than studies in Nigeria at 24.3%, 21 South Africa at 25.8%, 22 Tanzania at 56%, 23 Bayamon, Puerto Rico at 41%, 24 and China at 39.2%. 25 This could be related to geographical differences and food disparities. These disparities in the burden of anemia among HIV-positive patients may be attributable to differences in socio-demographic disparities, study participant characteristics, sample size, and changes in treatment modalities.…”

“… 24 Similarly, the findings of this study are comparable to the 16.2% prevalence reported at Jimma University among ART-experienced individuals. 25 , 26 …”