Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Bulgaria

Christova, Iva; Gladnishka, Teodora; Taseva, Evgenia; Kalvatchev, Nikolay; Tsergouli, Katerina; Papa, Anna

doi:10.3201/eid1901.120299

Cited by 31 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Ten of the 11 patients of the study, as well as the British traveler, reported a tick bite. This finding is in accordance with the seroprevalence study which showed that the risk for seropositivity is increased 5.4-fold in persons bitten by ticks [Christova et al, 2013]. Furthermore, studies on ticks collected from livestock during 2006-2010 showed that 2-4.8% of ticks (mainly H. marginatum) in Kardzhali and Haskovo are CCHFV-infected [Gergova et al, 2012].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…During 2013–2014 11 CCHF cases have been reported in Bulgaria, with seven of them occurring in the neighboring districts of Haskovo (n–= 4) and Kardzhali (n = 3). The human seroprevalence rates in these regions are 4.6% and 6% [Christova et al, ]. The highest seroprevalence (8%) has been reported in Burgas, where one case was reported in 2014 in a UK traveler [Lumley et al, ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever in Bulgaria—An update

Papa

Pappa

Panayotova

et al. 2015

Journal of Medical Virology

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is endemic in Bulgaria. During 2013-2014, 11 confirmed CCHF cases have been reported in the country (seven in 2013 and four in 2014). The present study provides the CCHF molecular epidemiology in Bulgaria based on all currently available S, M, and L RNA segment nucleotide sequences spanning the years 1978-2014. A relatively low genetic difference (0-6%, the maximum seen in the M RNA segment) was seen among the CCHFV sequences suggesting that a slow evolving CCHFV strain belonging to "Europe 1" clade is present in Bulgaria. Although the virus emerged in new foci during the recent years, it is more active in the established endemic foci which seem to offer the most suitable ecosystem and environment. Understanding the CCHF epidemiology and virus evolution is the basis for public health programs and vaccine design.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever in Bulgaria—An update

Papa

Pappa

Panayotova

et al. 2015

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…Seroprevalence studies have shown human exposure to CCHFV in numerous districts across the country, with the highest rates in the Burgas region, where the UK traveller in this report was based [19]. As the route of infection is suspected to be via the bite of an infected tick, this case highlights the importance of tick awareness and bite prevention measures when travelling to regions endemic for pathogenic arboviral zoonoses including CCHF.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Non-fatal case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever imported into the United Kingdom (ex Bulgaria), June 2014

et al. 2014

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Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) was diagnosed in a United Kingdom traveller who returned from Bulgaria in June 2014. The patient developed a moderately severe disease including fever, headaches and petechial rash. CCHF was diagnosed following identification of CCHF virus (CCHFV) RNA in a serum sample taken five days after symptom onset. Sequence analysis of the CCHFV genome showed that the virus clusters within the Europe 1 clade, which includes viruses from eastern Europe.

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“…Turkey has had an expanding outbreak, with an increasing number of confirmed patients and associated fatalities (2002, 17 and 0; 2003, 133 and 6; 2004, 249 and 13; 2005, 266 and 13; 2006, 438 and 27; 2007, 713 and 33; 2008, 1315 and 63; and 2009, 1300 and 62; Figure 1). The approximate fatality rate was calculated to be 5% in our country, which is lower than that in other countries (17% in Bulgaria and 3%–30% in Iran) 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 – 9…”

mentioning

confidence: 52%

“…The approximate fatality rate was calculated to be 5% in our country, which is lower than that in other countries (17% in Bulgaria and 3%-30% in Iran). 1,2,4,[7][8][9] The incubation period for CCHF ranges from 1 to 9 days, although it is usually 1 to 3 days after a tick bite and 5 to 6 days after exposure to infected blood or tissues. Because the findings are not specific in the initial stages of the disease, detailed anamnesis is required to check the history of a tick bite or close contact with a patient who has CCHF.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%