Seroprevalence of 13 common pathogens in a rapidly growing U.S. minority population: Mexican Americans from San Antonio, TX

Rubicz, Rohina; Leach, Charles T.; Kraig, Ellen; Dhurandhar, Nikhil V.; Grubbs, Barry; Blangero, John; Yolken, Robert H.; Göring, Harald H.H.

doi:10.1186/1756-0500-4-433

Cited by 31 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Therefore, our findings based on serological methods do not support an association between diabetes mellitus and T. gondii infection. Our results agree with the low (9%) seroprevalence of T. gondii infection reported in Mexican Americans from San Antonio Texas, USA that suffered from high rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus [22], and with low levels of antibodies against T. gondii found in Colombian patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus [17]. In addition, our results are in line with the lack of association between T. gondii infection and incident diabetes found in a prospective cohort of Latino elderly in New York, USA [18].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Lack of Association Between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Diabetes Mellitus: A Matched Case-Control Study in a Mexican Population

et al. 2017

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BackgroundVery little is known about the association between infection with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and diabetes mellitus. We perform an age- and gender-matched case-control study to determine the association of T. gondii infection and diabetes mellitus.MethodsCases included 156 patients with diabetes mellitus and 156 controls without diabetes mellitus who attended in two public clinics in Durango City, Mexico. Sera of cases and controls were tested for the presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies using commercially available enzyme-linked fluorescence assays (ELFA).ResultsAnti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were found in 10 (6.4%) of the 156 cases and in five (3.2%) of the 156 controls (odds ratio (OR): 2.06; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69 - 6.19; P = 0.18). The frequency of high (> 150 IU/mL) anti-T. gondii IgG levels in seropositive cases (1/10: 10.0%) was comparable to the one (1/5: 20%) in seropositive controls (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.02 - 9.03; P = 1.00). None of the 10 cases and five controls with seropositivity to anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were positive for anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies. Stratification by gender showed similar frequencies of T. gondii infection in female cases (7/107: 6.5%) and female controls (4/107: 3.7%) (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 0.51 - 6.34; P = 0.53), and in male cases (3/49: 6.1%) and male controls (1/49: 2.0%) (OR: 3.13; 95% CI: 0.31 - 31.19; P = 0.61).ConclusionsWe conclude that there is not serological evidence of an association between T. gondii infection and diabetes mellitus in the studied subjects in Durango City, Mexico. Further studies to elucidate the role of T. gondii in diabetes should be conducted.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Lack of Association Between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Diabetes Mellitus: A Matched Case-Control Study in a Mexican Population

et al. 2017

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“…age interaction, and sex ! age 2 interac-tion, as we have previously shown the substantial influence, especially of age, on antibody levels [16] . In discrete trait analysis, the covariates lead to individual-specific liability thresholds beyond which an individual is declared to be seropositive.…”

Section: Statistical Methodologymentioning

confidence: 52%

Genetic Factors Influence Serological Measures of Common Infections

et al. 2011

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Background/Aims: Antibodies against infectious pathogens provide information on past or present exposure to infectious agents. While host genetic factors are known to affect the immune response, the influence of genetic factors on antibody levels to common infectious agents is largely unknown. Here we test whether antibody levels for 13 common infections are significantly heritable. Methods: IgG antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, adenovirus 36 (Ad36), hepatitis A virus, influenza A and B, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and -2, human herpesvirus-6, and varicella zoster virus were determined for 1,227 Mexican Americans. Both quantitative and dichotomous (seropositive/seronegative) traits were analyzed. Influences of genetic and shared environmental factors were estimated using variance components pedigree analysis, and sharing of underlying genetic factors among traits was investigated using bivariate analyses. Results: Serological phenotypes were significantly heritable for most pathogens (h² = 0.17–0.39), except for Ad36 and HSV-2. Shared environment was significant for several pathogens (c² = 0.10–0.32). The underlying genetic etiology appears to be largely different for most pathogens. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate, for the first time for many of these pathogens, that individual genetic differences of the human host contribute substantially to antibody levels to many common infectious agents, providing impetus for the identification of underlying genetic variants, which may be of clinical importance.

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“…Children with lower SEP may have worse housing conditions and poorer hygiene than children with higher SEP, increasing the likelihood of exposure and acquisition of multiple persistent infections. Further, co-infection may not only increase the risk of infection to other pathogens, but also increase the severity of subsequent infections (Espinola-Klein et al, 2002; Rubicz et al, 2011). Indeed, recent studies provide convincing evidence that the measles virus reduces immune response after initial infection leading to heightened susceptibility to other infections and this may explain why childhood measles vaccination led to dramatic reductions in infections with other pathogens in childhood (Griffin, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early life socioeconomic position and immune response to persistent infections among elderly Latinos

Meier

Haan

Leon

et al. 2016

Social Science & Medicine

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Persistent infections, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), are common in the U.S. but their prevalence varies by socioeconomic status. It is unclear if early or later life socioeconomic position (SEP) is a more salient driver of disparities in immune control of these infections. Using data from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging, we examined whether early or later life SEP was the strongest predictor of immune control later in life by contrasting two life course models, the critical period model and the chain of risk model. Early life SEP was measured as a latent variable, derived from parental education and occupation, and food availability. Indicators for SEP in later life included education level and occupation. Individuals were categorized by immune response to each pathogen (seronegative, low, medium and high) with increasing immune response representing poorer immune control. Cumulative immune response was estimated using a latent profile analysis with higher total immune response representing poorer immune control. Structural equation models were used to examine direct, indirect and total effects of early life SEP on each infection and cumulative immune response, controlling for age and gender. The direct effect of early life SEP on immune response was not statistically significant for the infections or cumulative immune response. Higher early life SEP was associated with lower immune response for T. gondii, H. pylori and cumulative immune response through pathways mediated by later life SEP. For CMV, higher early life SEP was both directly associated and partially mediated by later life SEP. No association was found between SEP and HSV-1. Findings from this study support a chain of risk model, whereby early life SEP acts through later life SEP to affect immune response to persistent infections in older age.

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Seroprevalence of 13 common pathogens in a rapidly growing U.S. minority population: Mexican Americans from San Antonio, TX

Cited by 31 publications

References 61 publications

Lack of Association Between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Diabetes Mellitus: A Matched Case-Control Study in a Mexican Population

Lack of Association Between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Diabetes Mellitus: A Matched Case-Control Study in a Mexican Population

Genetic Factors Influence Serological Measures of Common Infections

Early life socioeconomic position and immune response to persistent infections among elderly Latinos

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