Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Adolescents in Enugu, Nigeria

Eke, Christopher Bismarck; Ogbodo, Sylvester Ogbonna; Ukoha, Oluchi M.; Ibekwe, Roland Chidi; Asinobi, Isaac Nwabueze; Ikefuna, AN; Ibe, BC

doi:10.1093/tropej/fmv035

Cited by 23 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Cameroon reported equivalent seroprevalence. [38][39][40] Among the risk factors we tested that were independently associated with HBV infection in previous studies, including gender, age, education level, blood transfusions, prior hospitalization, number of sexual partners, scars, and tattoos, [41][42][43] only gender (higher for males) and age (higher in patients under 45) explained variance in HBV seroprevalence in multiple regression analyses. These results were largely in agreement with those from the prior studies, [41][42][43] and also not qualitatively affected by any clustering among villages within provinces (Appendix S4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High prevalence and diversity of hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus in Gabon

Groc

Abbate

Gal

et al. 2018

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

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Although central Africa is classified as having a high endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection, there is paucity of prevalence studies. For the first time on a country-wide level in Central Africa, we show in Gabon an overall 7.4% prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and that more than 25% of the HBsAg-positive population are infected by HDV. Although HBV prevalence did not differ significantly between provinces, there is a north-south split in the distribution of HDV seroprevalence, with the highest rates (>66.0%) correlating with the presence of specific ethnic groups in the northeastern provinces. Genotyping revealed high genetic diversity of the HBV and HDV strains circulating in Gabon, including many restricted to this region of the globe. This work confirmed that high exposure to HBV and HDV infection reported in selected regions of Gabon holds true across the whole country.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High prevalence and diversity of hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus in Gabon

Groc

Abbate

Gal

et al. 2018

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

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“…9,24 The mature HBV virion is a spherical double layered "Dane particle" that has 4 different genes including the outer surface envelop of glycoprotein (hepatitis B surface antigen; HBsAg); an inner portion of the virion designated as hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), the nucleocapsid which encodes the viral DNA and a nonstructural antigen known as hepatitis B epsilon (e) antigen (HBeAg). The HBeAg is a non-particulate soluble antigen from HBeAg by proteolytic self clearage.…”

Section: Hepatitis B Virus Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The persistence of HBsAg is the principal marker of risk of developing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma later in life. 9 It is recommended that all pregnant women should be tested routinely for HBsAg during an early prenatal visit (preferably in the first trimester) in every pregnancy irrespective of if they had been previously vaccinated for HBV or tested. Un-booked pregnant mothers or women who were not screened prenatally particularly those who engage in behaviours that put them at high risk for infection especially intravenous drug users, those with more than one sexual partners in the previous six months or an HBsAgpositive sex partner, evaluation or treatment for a sexually transmitted disease and those with clinical hepatitis should be tested at the time of admission to the hospital for delivery.…”

Section: Preventive Measures Prenatal Hepatitis B Virus Infection Scrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,4 Nigeria also is a hyper-endemic country for HBV infection, with varying reported rates ranging from 0.5 to 44.7 percent in children. [5][6][7][8][9] In highly endemic regions HBV infection is commonly spread from mother to child prenatally, during the period of delivery (perinatal transmission), or through horizontal transmission (exposure to infected blood/ body or other fluids) particularly from an infected child to an uninfected child during the first five years of life 1,10 In Nigeria varying reports of horizontal as well as vertical transmission as the most common route of HBV transmission in children exist. 11,12 MTCT has also been shown to occur during pregnancy and/or delivery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 The birth dose of HBV vaccine has been shown to be strategic towards PMTCT of HBV, however ensuring universal HBsAg screening in pregnancy, starting anti-viral therapy for pregnant women with HBeAg positivity and high viral load, timely administration of the birth dose of HBV vaccination and follow-up of exposed infants will remarkably help to realize this objective of PMTCT of HBV. Also efforts should be made to educate carrier mothers (after testing) and their families on the prevalent risk factors and essence of pre-ventive measures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Prevention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in Nigeria: A call to action

Eke¹,

Onyire²,

Amadi³

2016

Nig. J. Paed.

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Abstract:Background: Sub-Sahara Africa including Nigeria has the second largest global burden of chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection after Asia. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV is the most commonroute of transmission in high endemic areas .MTCT of hepatitis B virus infection continues to occur despite the interventions of hepatitis B vaccinations and immunoglobulins in settings where it is practiced. Infants most at risk are those whose mothers have high HBV DNA viral loads and produce the protein HBeAg. Various Nigerian studies have reported high HBV infection rates as well as HBeAg positivity among pregnant women. These HBV infections usually occur intrapartum and rarely inutero. Mothers with HBeAg positivity known to be associated with higher HBV DNA viral loads have been linked with higher chances of MTCT as HBeAg is the only structural HBV protein that can cross into the placental circulation. In the absence of post exposure prophylaxis about 40 percent of infants delivered by HBV infected mothers could develop HBV infections, and about 25% of them may come down with chronic hepatitis and resulting possible complications including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer later in life. The prevention of transmission of retroviral infection from motherto-child has been a success story of the 21 st century and such feat could be replicated for HBV infection. The standard PMTCT of HBV currently will comprise: timely prenatal screening, starting anti-viral therapy for pregnant women with HBeAg positivity and high viral load, infant postexposure prophylaxis and followup of infants of HBsAg positive mothers. There is no co-ordinated PMTCT of HBV programme in place in our setting despite the huge burden of the disease in Nigeria. Hence the need therefore to develop a home grown PMTCT programme of HBV to help tackle the burden of the disease in our country. An evidence based review of current best practice guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HBV for use in low and medium resource income settings with hepatitis B hyperendemicity will be quiet apt in this circumstance. This document therefore will be useful as a quick guide to Paediatricians, Obstetricians, Family Physicians, General Practice Doctors and other allied health workers charged with the care of pregnant mothers and their young children. Methods: Relevant literatures published in English language or translated into English were searched manually and electronically in PUBMED and SCOPUS for the period between 1990 and 2016 on the subject. Keywords searched included: epidemiology of HBV infection, MTCT of HBV, and its preventive strategies including prenatal screening, antiviral agents in pregnancy, infant post exposure prophylaxis and follow-up of infected children. Results: Over 35 scholarly articles on HBV epidemiology, MTCT, and preventive measures as well as follow -up models were retrieved and analyzed. Conclusion: Universal screening of all pregnant women for HBV infection is the most effective...

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The current situation and challenges of screening for and treating hepatitis B in sub-Saharan Africa

Béguelin

Fall

Seydi

et al. 2018

Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the most important cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Although the tools to curb the epidemic are known, only a minority of HBV-infected persons are currently diagnosed and treated. Areas covered: We discuss HBV epidemiological trends in SSA, describe important determinants of its natural history, and summarize current knowledge on the continuum of HBV care. Using the results of a systematic review of the literature, we describe the proportion of patients with liver fibrosis at presentation for care. Throughout the manuscript, we highlight major research gaps and explore potential ways to improve uptake of HBV testing, evaluation of liver disease, access to antiviral therapy and monitoring of complications. Expert commentary: Less than 1% of HBV-infected individuals are diagnosed in SSA, despite the availability of rapid tests with good diagnostic accuracy. Up to 15% of individuals enter care with liver cirrhosis, a clear indication for antiviral therapy. Although the proportion of patients eligible for immediate antiviral treatment is generally below 20%, there are few published data from prospective cohort studies. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma could be reduced with improved access to antiviral therapy.

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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Adolescents in Enugu, Nigeria

Cited by 23 publications

References 14 publications

High prevalence and diversity of hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus in Gabon

High prevalence and diversity of hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus in Gabon

Prevention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in Nigeria: A call to action

The current situation and challenges of screening for and treating hepatitis B in sub-Saharan Africa

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