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African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is one of the major constraints to animal health and production in sub-Saharan Africa. To inform AAT control in Uganda and help advance along the progressive control pathway (PCP), we characterized AAT prevalence among eight host species in Uganda and explored factors that influence the prevalence variation between studies. We retrieved AAT prevalence publications (n = 2232) for Uganda (1980–2022) from five life sciences databases, focusing on studies specifying AAT detection methods, sample size, and the number of trypanosome-positive animals. Following PRISMA guidelines, we included 56 publications, and evaluated publication bias by the Luis Furuya-Kanamori (LFK) index. National AAT prevalence under DNA diagnostic methods for cattle, sheep and goats was 22.15%, 8.51% and 13.88%, respectively. Under DNA diagnostic methods, T. vivax was the most common Trypanosoma sp. in cattle (6.15%, 95% CI: 2.91–10.45) while T. brucei was most common among small ruminants (goats: 8.78%, 95% CI: 1.90–19.88, and sheep: 8.23%, 95% CI: 4.74–12.50, respectively). Northern and Eastern regions accounted for the highest AAT prevalence. Despite the limitations of this study (i.e., quality of reviewed studies, underrepresentation of districts/regions), we provide insights that could be used for better control of AAT in Uganda and identify knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to support the progressive control of AAT at country level and other regional endemic countries with similar AAT eco-epidemiology.
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is one of the major constraints to animal health and production in sub-Saharan Africa. To inform AAT control in Uganda and help advance along the progressive control pathway (PCP), we characterized AAT prevalence among eight host species in Uganda and explored factors that influence the prevalence variation between studies. We retrieved AAT prevalence publications (n = 2232) for Uganda (1980–2022) from five life sciences databases, focusing on studies specifying AAT detection methods, sample size, and the number of trypanosome-positive animals. Following PRISMA guidelines, we included 56 publications, and evaluated publication bias by the Luis Furuya-Kanamori (LFK) index. National AAT prevalence under DNA diagnostic methods for cattle, sheep and goats was 22.15%, 8.51% and 13.88%, respectively. Under DNA diagnostic methods, T. vivax was the most common Trypanosoma sp. in cattle (6.15%, 95% CI: 2.91–10.45) while T. brucei was most common among small ruminants (goats: 8.78%, 95% CI: 1.90–19.88, and sheep: 8.23%, 95% CI: 4.74–12.50, respectively). Northern and Eastern regions accounted for the highest AAT prevalence. Despite the limitations of this study (i.e., quality of reviewed studies, underrepresentation of districts/regions), we provide insights that could be used for better control of AAT in Uganda and identify knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to support the progressive control of AAT at country level and other regional endemic countries with similar AAT eco-epidemiology.
Background: Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia [CCPP] is a notifiable respiratory tract disease of small ruminants caused by by Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp) [goats] or Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (Mcop) [sheep]. CCPP is associated with high economic losses due to high morbidity, mortality and restrictions to livestock and livestock products market access. Endemic countries need to generate area-wide Mccp | Mcop seroprevalence data and use them to design CCPP control and surveillance programs, to which effort this study contributed. Methods: We collected 2,296 sheep and goat blood samples from 38 randomly selected small ruminant village [clusters] herds. These herds were drawn from three randomly selected [out of nine] Karamoja region districts. These sera were screened for anti-Mccp | Mcop IgG antibodies using the IDEXX CCPP competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [cELISA] kits. The Mccp | Mcop seroprevalence estimates, their 95 % confidence intervals were computed and mixed-effect binomial logistic regression modelswith random intercepts for villages fit to determine which risk factors explained the computed seroconversion rates. All statistical analyses were completed in R-4.1.2 for Microsoft Windows. Results and their significance: Over a third [42.7%; CI: 40.7-44.7] of all screened goats and sheep were seropositive for Mccp and Mcop respectively. Goats [34.0%] were 3.5 times more likely to be Mccp seropositive than sheep [8.7%]. Statistically significant [p<0.05] predictors of goat and sheep seroconversion to Mccp and Mcop included overnight stay in protected kraals, increasing age, sex in favor of females and location of some herds [some villages, sub counties, along international boarders]. Conclusion: We report a high seroprevalence of Mccp/Mcop across Amudat, Kaabong and Karenga districts of Karamoja region, indicating increased endemicity of CCPP since the sampled herds had no history of CCPP vaccination. Risk-based CCPP control programs should target predictors of seroconversion to Mccp/Mcop. For example, goats can particularly be targeted since they present a higher risk of seroconversion. Hot-spot villages along regional boarders should be priority for intervention. Overnight stay in protected kraals should only be considered if small ruminants have been vaccinated.
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