Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine brucellosis in the Potohar Plateau, Pakistan

Ali, Shahzad; Akhter, Shamim; Neubauer, Heinrich; Melzer, Falk; Khan, Iahtasham; Abatih, Emmanuel; El-Adawy, Hosny; Irfan, Muhammad; Muhammad, Ali; Akbar, Muhammad Waqas; Umar, Sajid; Ali, Qurban; Iqbal, Muhammad Naeem; Mahmood, Abid; Ahmed, Haroon

doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2394-2

Cited by 43 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…seroprevalence. This relationship has been reported in Ethiopia [17], Zambia [18], and Pakistan [19] and many other areas. Large herds, especially those that comprise mixed species allow more efficient transmission of Brucella spp.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…First, it was designed as a cross sectional survey which can’t investigate dynamic changes in Brucella spp seroprevalence. Secondly, samples were screened using serological tests which do not (i) allow for the characterization of the pathogen by species as it targets immunodormant Brucella antigens associated with the smooth LPS that is shared by multiple naturally occurring biovars of B. abortus , B. melitensis , B. suis and others [19], (ii) allow for confirmation of a subject’s infection status as the presence of antibodies does not necessarily suggest current infection. Humoral IgG responses remain detectable for a long time (and might last for years) and the excretion of Brucella spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Positive association between Brucella spp seroprevalences in livestock and humans from a cross-sectional study in Garissa and Tana River Counties, Kenya

Kairu-Wanyoike

Nyamwaya

Wainaina

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background18 Brucella spp. is a zoonotic bacterial agent of high public health and socio-economic importance. It 19 infects many species of animals including wildlife, and people may get exposed through direct 20 contact with an infected animal or consumption of raw or undercooked animal products. We 21 implemented a linked livestock-human cross-sectional study to determine seroprevalences and risk 22 factors of Brucella spp. in livestock and humans. We also estimated intra-cluster correlation 23 coefficients (ICCs) for these observations at the household and village levels.24 Methodology 25 The study was implemented in Garissa County (specifically Ijara and Sangailu areas) and Tana River 26 (Bura and Hola) counties. A household was the unit of analysis and the sample size was derived 27 using the standard procedures. Serum samples were obtained from selected livestock and people 28 from randomly selected households. Humans were sampled in both counties while livestock could be 2 29 sampled only in Tana River County. Samples obtained were screened for anti-Brucella IgG 30 antibodies using ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed effects logistic 31 regression models with the household (herd) and village being used as random effects.32 Results 33 The overall seroprevalences were 3.47% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.72 -4.36%) and 35.81% 34 (95% CI: 32.87 -38.84) in livestock and humans, respectively. In livestock, older animals and those 35 sampled in Hola had significantly higher seroprevalences that younger ones or those sampled in 36 Bura. Herd and village random effects were significant and ICC estimates associated with these 37 variables were 0.40 (95% CI: 0.22 -0.60) and 0.24 (95% CI: 0.08 -0.52), respectively. For human 38 data, older people, males, and people who lived in pastoral areas had significantly higher Brucella 39 spp. seroprevalences than younger ones, females or those who lived in irrigated or riverine areas.40 People from households that had at least one seropositive animal were 3.35 (95% CI: 1.51 -7.41) 41 times more likely to be seropositive compared to those that did not. Human exposures significantly 42 clustered at the household level; the ICC estimate obtained was 0.21 (95% CI: 0.06 -0.52). 43 Conclusion 44 The presence of a seropositive animal in a household significantly increased the risk of exposure in 45 people in that household. Brucella spp. exposures in both livestock and humans clustered 46 significantly at the household level. This suggests that risk-based surveillance measures, guided by 47 locations of primary cases reported, either in humans or livestock, can be used to detect Brucella 48 spp. infections livestock or humans, respectively. 49 50 Author summary 3 51 Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease that primarily affects livestock and wildlife. In humans, 52 the disease is characterized by prolonged fever, body aches, joint pains and weakness while in 53 livestock, the disease causes abortions and infertility. We carried out a study in northea...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive association between Brucella spp seroprevalences in livestock and humans from a cross-sectional study in Garissa and Tana River Counties, Kenya

Kairu-Wanyoike

Nyamwaya

Wainaina

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…A recent study conducted in Potohar plateau, Pakistan, has reported very similar results, with 18.6% herd‐ and 6.3% animal‐level prevalence with RBT (Ali et al . ). Another study carried out at veterinary hospitals, animal markets and large peri‐urban farms in Rawalpindi and Islamabad has shown very low animal‐level prevalence, namely 1.6% in buffalo and 6.6% in cattle (Ahmad et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Bovine brucellosis in Pakistan; an analysis of engagement with risk factors in smallholder farmer settings

Arif

Thomson

Hernández‐Jover

et al. 2019

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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A cross‐sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in smallholder farms in seven regions in Pakistan, identify herd and individual level risk factors for seropositivity and assess the level of engagement of farmers with risk factors. In total, 1063 cattle and buffalo belonging to 420 herds in seven districts were sampled. The Rose Bengal test (RBT), indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (I‐ELISA) and competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (C‐ELISA) were used for the serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis on all the serum samples. The associations between herd‐and animal‐level risk factors and seropositivity were investigated using logistic regression analyses. In addition, herd management practice scores, created to quantify the number of management practices undertaken that pose a risk for Brucella transmission, were calculated and compared between seropositive and negative herds within each district. Overall herd and animal prevalence were estimated to be 16.2% (95% CI, 13–20%) and 8.7% (95% CI, 7.2–10.6%), respectively, across all districts sampled. Herds with a history of last trimester abortion were found to be more likely to be positive than herds without such history (OR = 2.06, 95% CI, 1.09–3.89), providing validation of our findings and identifying that clinical disease is occurring in this region. It was also identified that herds with five to eight buffalo (OR = 3.80, 95% CI, 1.69–8.49), and those with more than eight buffalo (OR = 3.81, 95% CI, 1.51–9.58) were more likely to be positive for Brucella than those with less (one to two and three to four) buffaloes present in the herd. The presence of other domestic animals at the farm and purchasing animals in last year were found to have no association with seropositivity. The findings of this study support the need for the development of targeted intervention strategies specific to the disease status of each district.

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“…Finally, Ali et al. () and Lindahl‐Rajala et al. () showed high incidence rates in livestock in Central Asia and the Middle East areas due to the close contact between people and livestock and that brucellosis is considered a neglected zoonosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and evolution of countries affected by bovine brucellosis (1996–2014)

Cárdenas

Awada

Tizzani

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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This paper describes the global distribution and temporal evolution of bovine brucellosis due to Brucella abortus during a 19‐year period (1996–2014) using the information officially reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) by veterinary services of 156 countries. Variables that can influence the health status of bovine brucellosis (i.e., year, per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), continent and bovine population) were also analysed. Countries were classified into three categories of health situations: ENZOOTIC: countries infected, which may have been free of brucellosis but for periods of fewer than 3 years; NON‐ENZOOTIC: countries where the disease was present but that had at least a 3‐year period without the disease; and FREE: countries where the disease remained absent during the whole period. The countries free from bovine brucellosis, or in the process of eradication, were located in Oceania and Europe, while the more affected regions were Central and South America, Africa and parts of Asia. Among the Non‐Enzootic countries, the results showed that a very high proportion managed to control the disease during the period of study, with a sharp decline in the percentage of infected countries from 71% in 1996 to 10% in 2014. Among the Enzootic countries, a much smaller proportion managed to control the disease, with a slight drop in the percentage of infected countries from 92% in 1996 to 80% in 2014. A relationship was found between the status of the disease and the availability of economic resources; thus, countries with a high GDP per capita tended to be free from bovine brucellosis. On the other hand, countries with a larger bovine population showed a greater probability to have the disease present. An increase in surveillance programmes and implementation of control policies were observed during the period of study.

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Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine brucellosis in the Potohar Plateau, Pakistan

Cited by 43 publications

References 39 publications

Positive association between Brucella spp seroprevalences in livestock and humans from a cross-sectional study in Garissa and Tana River Counties, Kenya

Positive association between Brucella spp seroprevalences in livestock and humans from a cross-sectional study in Garissa and Tana River Counties, Kenya

Bovine brucellosis in Pakistan; an analysis of engagement with risk factors in smallholder farmer settings

Characterization and evolution of countries affected by bovine brucellosis (1996–2014)

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