Seroprevalence and correlates of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic pigs in Veracruz State, Mexico

Alvarado‐Esquivel, Cosme; Romero-Salas, Dora; García-Vázquez, Zeferino; Crivelli-Diaz, Margarita; Barrientos-Morales, Manuel; Buen, Lorena López de; Dubey, J. P.

doi:10.1007/s11250-014-0551-3

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in backyard pigs for slaughter in the present study was 13.7%. This seroprevalence is lower than the 45.3% seroprevalence found in a recent study in backyard pigs in the eastern Mexican state of Veracruz [13]. It is not clear why pigs in Baja California Sur have a lower seroprevalence of T. gondii infection than pigs in Veracruz.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

“…The seroepidemiology of T. gondii infection in pigs in Mexico has not been investigated in detail. We have studied the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in domestic pigs in few Mexican states including Durango and Sonora States in the north [11], Oaxaca State in the south [12], and Veracruz State in the east [13]. Seroprevalences of T. gondii infection in pigs in these states have varied substantially with the highest (45.3%) seroprevalence found in Veracruz State.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of infection withToxoplasma gondiiin landrace and mixed breed pigs slaughtered in Baja California Sur State, Mexico

Alvarado‐Esquivel¹,

Vazquez-Morales²,

Colado-Romero³

et al. 2015

European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology

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We performed a cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in 308 domestic pigs slaughtered in La Paz, Baja California Sur State, Mexico using the modified agglutination test (MAT, cut off 1:25). Forty (13%) of the 308 pigs were seropositive with MAT titers of 1:25 in 16, 1:50 in 5, 1:100 in 4, 1:200 in 5, 1:400 in 3, 1:800 in 3, 1:1600 in 2, and 1:3200 in 2. Multivariate analysis of pigs' characteristics showed that seropositivity to T. gondii was negatively associated with mixed breed (OR = 0.02; 95% CI: 0.003-0.26; P = 0.001). Other variables including sex, type of raising, and municipality did not show an association with T. gondii seropositivity by multivariate analysis. The frequency of high antibody titers (≥1:400) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in Landrace pigs than mixed breed pigs. The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in pigs for slaughter in Baja California Sur State is low compared with seroprevalences reported in pigs in other Mexican states. Landrace pigs demonstrated higher seroprevalence rates and antibody levels than mixed breed pigs. This is the first report of T. gondii infection in pigs raised in a desert climate.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of infection withToxoplasma gondiiin landrace and mixed breed pigs slaughtered in Baja California Sur State, Mexico

Alvarado‐Esquivel¹,

Vazquez-Morales²,

Colado-Romero³

et al. 2015

European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology

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“…There are numerous data on the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in pigs throughout the world, with values ranging from 0·9% in sows from Austria (Edelhofer, 1994) to 0% in pork from the Netherlands (Kijlstra et al 2004), to as high as 45·3% in organic farms from Veracruz, Mexico (Alvarado-Esquivel et al 2014) and 37·8% in Argentina (Venturini et al 2004) (Table 3). The live parasites are isolated from pigs in all parts of Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondii infection in pork produced in France

et al. 2016

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The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite in pork produced in France, and to determine infection risk factors. An innovative survey was designed based on annual numbers of slaughtered pigs from intensive and outdoor farms in France. A total of 1549 samples of cardiac fluids were collected from pig hearts to determine seroprevalence using a Modified Agglutination Test. Of those, 160 hearts were bio-assayed in mice to isolate live parasites. The overall seroprevalence among fattening pigs was 2·9%. The adjusted seroprevalence in pigs from intensive farms was 3·0%; the highest in sows (13·4%); 2·9% in fattening pigs and 2·6% in piglets. Adjusted seroprevalence in fattening animals from outdoor farms was 6·3%. Strains were isolated from 41 animals and all were genotyped by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism as type II. Risk-factor analysis showed that the risk of infection was more than three times higher for outdoor pigs, and that sows' risk was almost five times higher than that of fattening animals. This study provides further evidence of extensive pork infection with T. gondii regardless of breeding systems, indicating that farm conditions are still insufficient to guarantee 'Toxoplasma-free pork'.

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“…Environmental factors may contribute to a higher seroprevalence of T. gondii infection [1,11]. In general, the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection is higher in humid climates than in dry climates; and this is the case in humans [12-14] and animals [15-17]. Furthermore, Huicholes eat meat from wild animals that may be infected with T. gondii .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors in Huicholes in Mexico

Alvarado‐Esquivel

Pacheco-Vega

Hernández‐Tinoco³

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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BackgroundVery little is known about the seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in ethnic groups in Mexico. Huicholes are an indigenous ethnic group living in a remote mountainous region in Mexico. We sought to determine the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies in Huicholes; and to determine the association of Toxoplasma seropositivity with socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics of Huicholes.MethodsWe performed a cross sectional survey in Huicholes from September 2013 to January 2014. A convenience sampling method was used. We investigated the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies in 214 Huicholes using enzyme-linked immunoassays. A standardized questionnaire was used to obtain the characteristics of the Huicholes. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the association of Toxoplasma exposure and Huicholes’ characteristics.ResultsOf the 214 Huicholes studied (mean age: 37.98 ± 15.80 years), 71 (33.2%) were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies and 47 (66.2%) of them were also positive for anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies. Seroprevalence of T. gondii infection did not vary with age, sex, or occupation. However, seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies was significantly higher in female than in male Huicholes. Multivariate analysis of socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics showed that T. gondii exposure was associated with consumption of turkey meat (OR = 2.28; 95% CI: 1.16-4.46; P = 0.01). In addition, seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was significantly higher in Huicholes suffering from dizziness and memory impairment than those without such clinical characteristics.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate serological evidence of T. gondii exposure among Huicholes which may be impacting their health. Results of this first study of T. gondii infection in Huicholes may be useful for the design of optimal preventive measures against infection with T. gondii.

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Seroprevalence and correlates of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic pigs in Veracruz State, Mexico

Cited by 25 publications

References 11 publications

Prevalence of infection withToxoplasma gondiiin landrace and mixed breed pigs slaughtered in Baja California Sur State, Mexico

Prevalence of infection withToxoplasma gondiiin landrace and mixed breed pigs slaughtered in Baja California Sur State, Mexico

Toxoplasma gondii infection in pork produced in France

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors in Huicholes in Mexico

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