Seropositivity and Serointensity of &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Toxoplasma gondii&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; Antibodies and DNA among Patients with Schizophrenia

Omar, Ainsah; Bakar, Osman Che; Adam, Nor Fatini; Osman, H. K.; Osman, Arina; Suleiman, Ahmad Hatim; Manaf, Mohd Rizal Abdul; Selamat, Mohamad Ikhsan

doi:10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.29

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, although the presence of parasite DNA in blood indicates acute infection [17], it does not necessarily signify infection of the brain, and no relationship was found between anti-Toxoplasma IgM and schizophrenia in the aforementioned study [46].…”

Section: Studies Based On Toxoplasma Gondii Nucleic Acid Detectionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…A study of blood samples detected parasite DNA in 33 out of 101 samples from schizophrenic patients versus 2 out of 55 samples from controls, a significant difference [46]. In contrast, Gutiérrez-Fernández et al [32] detected parasite DNA in only 1 out of 128 blood samples from schizophrenic patients and in none of 143 samples from controls (nonsignificant difference).…”

Section: Studies Based On Toxoplasma Gondii Nucleic Acid Detectionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This method is widely employed because of the ease with which samples (usually serum, occasionally cerebrospinal fluid) can be gathered and the high degree of reproducibility, specificity, and sensitivity obtained. Many of these studies reported higher levels of antibodies (IgG and, in some studies, IgM) against T. gondii in patients with schizophrenia than in other populations, including patients with a different psychiatric disorder [32,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]. However, findings have been inconsistent [52,53], and account should be taken of the publication bias against studies without significant results [11].…”

Section: Studies Based On the Detection Of Anti-toxoplasma Gondii Antmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxoplasma gondii and Schizophrenia: A Relationship That Is Not Ruled Out

Sorlózano-Puerto¹,

Gutiérrez‐Fernández²

2016

Schizophrenia Treatment - The New Facets

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Over recent years, it has been proposed that some diseases of unknown origin, such as schizophrenia, may be caused by persistent chronic infections coupled with a genetic component and may be perpetuated by the immune system. This hypothesis is supported by epidemiological and biological evidence on the exposure of schizophrenics to infectious diseases during prenatal or postnatal periods, including Toxoplasma gondii, chlamydia, human herpes virus, human endogenous retroviruses, parvovirus B19, mumps, and flu viruses. This growing list of microbes will undoubtedly continue to increase in the future. Linking infection to schizophrenia is a complex challenge that requires further experimental and epidemiological research. T. gondii is the infectious agent that has most frequently been related to neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, and it is considered to represent a highly useful model to analyze the influence of a microorganism on human behavior and the development of psychiatric disease. It may also help to detect patient subpopulations susceptible to treatment with specific antimicrobials by improving definition of the differential phenotype of the disease, and it offers the possibility of a preventive approach.

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Section: Studies Based On Toxoplasma Gondii Nucleic Acid Detectionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Studies Based On Toxoplasma Gondii Nucleic Acid Detectionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Studies Based On the Detection Of Anti-toxoplasma Gondii Antmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxoplasma gondii and Schizophrenia: A Relationship That Is Not Ruled Out

Sorlózano-Puerto¹,

Gutiérrez‐Fernández²

2016

Schizophrenia Treatment - The New Facets

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“…Thus, Toxoplasma infection might have a causal relationship between toxoplasmosis and the etiology of schizophrenia. Omar et al (2015) revealed that the sero-frequency of T. gondii IgG antibodies (51.5%, 52/101) and DNA (32.67%, 33/101) among patients with schizophrenia was significantly higher than IgG (18.2%, 10/55) and DNA (3.64%, 2/55) of the controls (34). Alipour et al (2011) also showed that the seropositivity rate among patients with schizophrenia (67.7%) in Tehran, Iran, was significantly higher than the control group (37.1) (P < 0.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Link Between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Mood Disorders in Lorestan Province, Western Iran

Kheirandish

Nazari

Mahmoudvand

et al. 2016

Arch Clin Infect Dis

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Background: A large number of epidemiological evidence in humans and experimental studies in rodents have hypothesized that Toxoplasma gondii is a potentially relevant etiological factor in some mood disorders. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether latent toxoplasmosis has any role in mood disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disease in Western Iran. Patients and Methods: A total of 170 patients including 85 schizophrenia and 85 bipolar patients referred to the only psychiatric hospital in Lorestan province in Khorramabd city, Western Iran, and 170 healthy volunteers were screened for IgG and IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies by the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Structured questionnaires were used to obtain information on risk factors for T. gondii infection. Results: Out of the 170 psychiatric patients, 103 (63.5%) patients were seropositive for IgG antibody and 14 (8.2%) were seropositive for IgM antibody. Of the 85 bipolar patients, 54 (63.5%) and 6 (7%) were found positive for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively; whereas among 85 schizophrenia patients, 49 (57.6%) and 8 (9.4%) samples were found positive for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. From 170 healthy volunteers, 73 (42.9%) tested seropositive for anti-T. gondii antibodies; 65 (38.2%) tested seropositive for IgG antibody and 8 (4.7%) tested seropositive for IgM antibody. There was a significant difference in T. gondii IgG positivity between the psychiatric patients and control groups (P = 0.009). Several risk factors, which were significantly related to T. gondii seropositivity in psychiatric patients are being in contact with cats (P = 0.004), eating unwashed raw vegetables (P < 0.001), raw-milk/egg consumption (P = 0.001), and drinking clean water (P = 0.035). Conclusions: We concluded that psychiatric patients in general and schizophrenia and bipolar cases in particular had a significantly higher relative frequency of T. gondii infection than healthy individuals of Lorestan Province, Western Iran.

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“…Omar et al (17) point out that histopathological changes in the brain in schizophrenia patients constitute evidence of infection as a cause of the disease. Their study documented that astrocytes and neurons in the brain may be infected by Toxoplasma gondii (Tg).…”

Section: Relationship Between T Gondii and Modulation Of Neurotransmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondii infection in the context of the risk of schizophrenia development

Dudzińska¹,

Listos²,

Gryzińska³

et al. 2016

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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There are three infectious stages in the life cycle of T. gondii: tachyzoites, which facilitate the spread of the infection during acute infections, bradyzoites, which maintain chronic infection, and sporozoites, which are spread through the host's environment in the form of oocysts. Although infection induces a strong innate and acquired immune response controlling multiplication of the parasite, the infection is not eliminated. The host retains a lifelong latent infection characterized by the presence of cysts in the tissues. Tissue cysts become established in various cells, particularly in long-lived differentiated cells, such as neurons and muscle cells, thereby ensuring long-term infection. In humans, T. gondii has tropism for the brain, which may influence the occurrence of certain mental disorders, including schizophrenia, personality disorders, dementia, and suicidal tendencies (25).Latent infection with T. gondii involves the presence of the parasite without clinical symptoms in immunocompetent patients. However, recent studies have shown a continual inflammatory state in the central nervous system following chronic T. gondii infection in rodents. Subtle neuromodulatory properties of the parasite in humans and mice have been the subject of recent research. Significant changes in the brain following T. gondii infection in animal models include activation of the glia and recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the central nervous system (14).For this reason, studies have focused on how T. gondii is linked to psychiatric diseases and neurocognitive processes. Research has shown a correlation between T. gondii infection and schizophrenia. Interestingly, hallucinations, which are a key characteristic of schizophrenia, have occurred in some acute cases of T. gondii infection. Moreover, data from as early as 1950 showed that most hospitalized psychiatric patients tested positive for the presence of T. gondii. The culmination of these findings was a recent metaanalysis of 38 studies suggesting that T. gondii infection increases the risk of schizophrenia 2.7 times (19). Dudzińska E., Listos P., Gryzińska M., Krukowski H., Trawińska B.Toxoplasma gondii infection in the context of the risk of schizophrenia development Summary Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a protozoan parasitizing all warm-blooded mammals, including humans. The main source of infection is contact with the feces of infected animals, particularly housecats -the definitive hosts, in which T. gondii completes its life cycle. Alternative sources of infection are contact with and consumption of contaminated meat (particularly pork), transmission from mother to fetus, and infection by oocytes present in the soil or in polluted water. T. gondii is geographically ubiquitous; its level of seroprevalence is estimated to range from about 3% in South Korea to 76% in Costa Rica.Despite great efforts and considerable progress, toxoplasmosis remains a serious health threat worldwide. There is currently no available vaccine, and anti-toxoplasmosis drugs have s...

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Seropositivity and Serointensity of <I>Toxoplasma gondii</I> Antibodies and DNA among Patients with Schizophrenia

Cited by 27 publications

References 33 publications

Toxoplasma gondii and Schizophrenia: A Relationship That Is Not Ruled Out

Toxoplasma gondii and Schizophrenia: A Relationship That Is Not Ruled Out

Possible Link Between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Mood Disorders in Lorestan Province, Western Iran

Toxoplasma gondii infection in the context of the risk of schizophrenia development

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