Serological Survey of<i>Porcine circovirus-2</i>in Captive Wild Boars (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) from Registered Farms of South and South-east Regions of Brazil

Barbosa, Clara Nilce; Martins, Nélson Rodrigo da Silva; Freitas, Tânia Rosária Pereira; Lobato, Zélia Inês Portela

doi:10.1111/tbed.12247

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…In other studies with wild boars conducted in Spain, Slovenia, Greece and Sweden, the number ranged from 19.1% to 99% (Barasona et al., 2020; Boadella et al., 2012; Closa‐Sebastià et al., 2011; Malmsten et al., 2018; Štukelj et al., 2014; Touloudi et al., 2015). Another study, performed in Brazil, has detected a 100% prevalence in captive wild boar farming (Barbosa, Martins, Freitas, & Lobato, 2016), since these animals with intensive management may present higher serological reaction to PCV2 than free‐living wild boars (Vicente et al., 2004). The results of this study indicate that PCV2 is in nature among wild boars.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health profile of free‐range wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) subpopulations hunted in Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Severo

Werlang

Mori

et al. 2020

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Wild boars represent a potential dissemination source of important pathogens to public and animal health, since they can host several pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the health profile of wild boars hunted for population control in the state of Santa Catarina (SC), south of Brazil. For this study, tissue and blood samples were collected from 61 wild boars hunted from October 2017 to November 2018. All 61 serum samples were screened for antibodies by different assays, presenting the following seroprevalence: 52.4% for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2); 21.3% for Leptospira spp.; 19.7% for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; 13.1% for hepatitis E virus (HEV); and 9.8% for influenza A virus (IAV). No seroreaction was observed for Brucella spp. and classical swine fever virus (CSFV). At necropsy, the main lesions observed were evidence of pulmonary metastrongylid parasites, haemorrhagic lymph nodes and white-spotted liver. Histopathological analyses mainly showed interstitial pneumonia, bronchopneumonia and bronchi-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) hyperplasia. There was a significant association between metastrongylid parasitism and BALT hyperplasia in lungs. Pathological findings of wild boars indicate that the assessed individuals were not exposed to notifiable diseases, such as CSFV, African swine fever virus and foot-and-mouth disease, which cause economic damage by non-tariff trade barriers. However, the detection of antibodies against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae, pathogens that impact commercial production, indicates the circulation of these agents, with frequency variation in wild populations. This shows the potential risk of pathogen transmission among domestic swine populations and free-living ones. The detection of antibodies against zoonotic agents such as HEV, IAV and Leptospira spp., other than characterizing the pathogens' circulation in these populations, suggests a potential risk to public health and pig farming, depending on the interactions established with the environment, humans and domestic swine. K E Y W O R D S emerging diseases, necropsy, pig health, public health, wild boars How to cite this article: Severo DRT, Werlang RA, Mori AP, et al. Health profile of free-range wild boar (Sus scrofa) subpopulations hunted in Santa Catarina State, Brazil.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health profile of free‐range wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) subpopulations hunted in Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Severo

Werlang

Mori

et al. 2020

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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“…While swine is the primary host for PCV-2, other species have been reported as susceptible [10]. Nevertheless, wild boar seems to be the only other host in which PCV-2 is constantly detected and which could play a relevant role in PCV-2 epidemiology [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries

et al. 2020

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Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is one of the most impactful and widespread pathogens of the modern swine industry. Unlike other DNA viruses, PCV-2 is featured by a remarkable genetic variability, which has led to the emergence and recognition of different genotypes, some of which (PCV-2a, 2b, and 2d) have alternated over time. Currently, PCV-2d is considered the most prevalent genotype, and some evidence of differential virulence and vaccine efficacy have been reported. Despite the potential practical relevance, the data on PCV-2 epidemiology in Italy are quite outdated and do not quantify the actual circulation of this genotype in Italy. In the present study, 82 complete ORF2 sequences were obtained from domestic pigs and wild boars sampled in Northern Italy in the period 2013–2018 and merged with those previously obtained from Italy and other countries. A combination of phylogenetic, haplotype network, and phylodynamic analyses were used to genotype the collected strains and evaluate the temporal trend and the spatial and host spread dynamics. A rising number of PCV-2d detections was observed in domestic pigs, particularly since 2013, reaching a detection frequency comparable to PCV-2b. A similar picture was observed in wild boars, although a lower sequence number was available. Overall, the present study demonstrates the extreme complexity of PCV-2 molecular epidemiology in Italy, the significant spread across different regions, the recurrent introduction from foreign countries, and the frequent occurrence of recombination events. Although a higher viral flux occurred from domestic to wild populations than vice versa, wild boars seem to maintain PCV-2 infection and spread it over relatively long distances.

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“…The genotypic shift from PCV2b to PCV2d also occurred in South Korean domestic pigs [ 29 ]; however, the PCV2d genotype was not detected among South Korean wild boars from 2010 to 2012 [ 30 ]. Seroprevalence studies and genetic characterization of PCV2 in wild boars have been reported in several countries (South Korea, Hungary, Germany, Spain, Uruguay, Romania, and Brazil) [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. The genotypic evolution of PCV2 in free-living wild boars and domestic pigs [ 38 ] and the inter- and intragenotype recombination in wild boars have also reported [ 36 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus Isolated from Korean Wild Boars

et al. 2020

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In Korea, three genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) have been identified on domestic pig farms, while two genotypes (PCV2a and PCV2b) have been identified in wild boar populations. Here, we investigated genotype diversity and genotypic shift in 91 PCV2 isolates from 1340 wild boars captured in South Korea between 2013 and 2017. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete ORF2 showed that the 91 PCV2 strains were detected as four genotypes by qPCR screening assay: PCV2a (2.2%, 2/91), PCV2b (16.5%, 15/91), PCV2d (80.2%, 73/91), and PCV2h (1.1%, 1/91). Only one intergenotype recombinant event was detected between PCV2 ORF2 in wild boars (PCV2b) and domestic pigs (PCV2a). Amino acid positions 86–89 within ORF2, which distinguishes the different genotypes, were conserved in all PCV2 genotypes isolated from South Korean wild boars, including TNKI in PCV2a/PCV2h, SNPR in PCV2b, and SNPL in PCV2d. The estimated nucleotide substitution rates in the ORF2 region of viruses from South Korean wild boars and domestic pigs were 5.8145 × 10−4 and 4.5838 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year (s/s/y), respectively. The times to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for South Korean domestic pig PCV2 were 1937 (PCV2a), 1972 (PCV2b), 1999 (PCV2d-1), and 2000 (PCV2d-2). By contrast, the tMRCA for South Korean wild boar PCV2b and PCV2d were 1989 and 2001, respectively. Thus, the PCV2d genotype is prevalent among South Korean wild boars and domestic pigs.

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Serological Survey ofPorcine circovirus-2in Captive Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Registered Farms of South and South-east Regions of Brazil

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

Health profile of free‐range wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) subpopulations hunted in Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Health profile of free‐range wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) subpopulations hunted in Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries

Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus Isolated from Korean Wild Boars

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