Serological survey for canine cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in areas at risk for transmission in Rio de Janeiro where prophylatic measures had been adopted

Nunes, Marise P.; Jackson, James Marsh; Carvalho, Raimundo Wilson de; Furtado, N. J.; Coutinho, S.

doi:10.1590/s0074-02761991000400006

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Long-lasting pheromone dispensers could be deployed in conjunction with insecticide spraying of chicken sheds, with minimal additional cost in terms of time spent in the field, or additional training. Animal houses are the major foci of nocturnal sand fly activity, with 10 times more sand flies caught in chicken sheds than human houses [43], and are therefore an important target for control [44]. Converting these locations into large-scale, sand fly killing zones could therefore have a dramatic effect on L. longipalpis populations, and associated VL transmission rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic sex pheromone attracts the leishmaniasis vector Lutzomyia longipalpis to experimental chicken sheds treated with insecticide

et al. 2010

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BackgroundCurrent strategies for controlling American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) have been unable to prevent the spread of the disease across Brazil. With no effective vaccine and culling of infected dogs an unpopular and unsuccessful alternative, new tools are urgently needed to manage populations of the sand fly vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz and Neiva (Diptera: Psychodidae). Here, we test two potential strategies for improving L. longipalpis control using the synthetic sand fly pheromone (±)-9-methylgermacrene-B: the first in conjunction with spraying of animal houses with insecticide, the second using coloured sticky traps.ResultsAddition of synthetic pheromone resulted in greater numbers of male and female sand flies being caught and killed at experimental chicken sheds sprayed with insecticide, compared to pheromone-less controls. Furthermore, a ten-fold increase in the amount of sex pheromone released from test sheds increased the number of females attracted and subsequently killed. Treating sheds with insecticide alone resulted in a significant decrease in numbers of males attracted to sheds (compared to pre-spraying levels), and a near significant decrease in numbers of females. However, this effect was reversed through addition of synthetic pheromone at the time of insecticide spraying, leading to an increase in number of flies attracted post-treatment.In field trials of commercially available different coloured sticky traps, yellow traps caught more males than blue traps when placed in chicken sheds. In addition, yellow traps fitted with 10 pheromone lures caught significantly more males than pheromone-less controls. However, while female sand flies showed a preference for both blue and yellow pheromone traps sticky traps over white traps in the laboratory, neither colour caught significant numbers of females in chicken sheds, either with or without pheromone.ConclusionsWe conclude that synthetic pheromone could currently be most effectively deployed for sand fly control through combination with existing insecticide spraying regimes. Development of a standalone pheromone trap remains a possibility, but such devices may require an additional attractive host odour component to be fully effective.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic sex pheromone attracts the leishmaniasis vector Lutzomyia longipalpis to experimental chicken sheds treated with insecticide

et al. 2010

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“…The seroprevalence in dogs from an area with both VL and TL (Campo Grande) decreased from 12.7% to 0.6%. Meanwhile, in the area known as Pau da Fome in the Jacarepaguá AR (southeastern coastal slope of the Pedra Branca massif), where only human and canine TL cases had been reported, the canine seroprevalence decreased from 8.6% to 1.8% 32 . These decreases generally appear to confirm that the prophylactic measures taken in these areas were effective: culling of infected dogs, active search for and treatment of human cases, and spraying of houses and outbuildings with insecticides, regardless of whether VL and TL occurred singly or together.…”

Section: Epidemiological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: eco-epidemiological aspects and control

Marzochi

Fagundes

Andrade³

et al. 2009

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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From 1977 (index case) to 2006, 87 cases of visceral leishmaniasis were confirmed in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in periurban areas on the continental and coastal slopes of the Pedra Branca massif and the continental slopes of the Gericinó massif. The majority (65.5%) of the patients were more than five years old, predominantly males (61.5%), but without any difference between the sexes below the age of 14 years. The overall fatality rate was 10.4%. Two cases of visceral leishmaniasis/human immunodeficiency virus coinfection were detected. Leishmania chagasi was isolated from human and canine cases. The associations between the presence of phlebotomines and human and canine migrations, disorderly occupation involving degradation of environmental preservation areas and poor socioeconomic conditions may have created a favorable setting for the establishment and propagation of the disease. Close epidemiological surveillance associated with traditional control measures and others (active case researches, land clearing and health education), reduced the incidence of human cases from 2.8 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1981 to less than 0.01 per 100,000 since 1997. The canine infection rates decreased from 4.6% in 1984 to 1.6% in 2008. Lutzomyia longipalpis was not detected in some locations where human and canine cases occurred. In the years 2007 and 2008, no new human cases were reported, but there is a persistent and worrisome residual canine seroprevalence.

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“…Domestic dogs play an important role in VL maintenance in man-made environments by serving as reservoirs of the parasite (Deane & Deane 1962). In Brazil, canine visceral leishmanisis (CVL) prevalence ranges from 1.9 to 35% in endemic areas (Evans et al 1990, Nunes et al 1991, França-Silva et al 2002. The parasite can be isolated by means of tissue biopsies in 40-50% of dogs with positive immunofluorescence titres (Lanotte et al 1979, Pozio et al 1981 as well as asymptomatic animals .…”

Section: Visceral Leishmaniasis (Vl) Is a Zoonosis Caused Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using crude Leishmania and recombinant antigens as a diagnostic marker for canine visceral leishmaniasis

Rosário

Genaro²,

França-Silva

et al. 2005

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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The performances of ELISA assays with different antigen preparations, such as Leishmania amazonensis or L. chagasi lysates and the recombinant antigens rK-39 and rK-26, were compared using sera or eluates from dried blood collected on filter paper to detect anti-Leishmania antibodies in dogs from a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area in 106 (92.2%) were positive in parasitological exams (skin and/or spleen). These animals were compared to healthy animals (n = 25), negative for IFAT at a titre of 1:40 and parasitological exams. The sensitivities of crude and recombinant antigens were similar and remarkably high for both sera and eluates (97-100%). Specificity was higher than 96% for sera and eluates for different antigens, except for L. chagasi antigen using eluates (88%). Concordance values among the tests were higher either for sera or eluates (J = 0.95-1.00). High concordances were observed between sera and eluates tested with different antigens (kappa = 0.93-0.97) . Crude and recombinant antigens identified different clinical phases of canine leishmaniasis. These results show that eluates could be used in canine surveys to identify L. chagasi infection. Recombinant antigens added little when compared to crude antigen in identifying positive dogs. Cross-reactivity with other diseases whose distribution often overlaps VL-endemic areas is a limitation of crude antigen use however. Key words: canine visceral leishmaniasis -Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi -diagnosis -recombinant antigensVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and transmitted by the phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis in Brazil. VL occurs in both rural and urban areas and has become a serious public health problem in several large Brazilian cities in recent decades (Arias et al. 1996). Domestic dogs play an important role in VL maintenance in man-made environments by serving as reservoirs of the parasite (Deane & Deane 1962). In Brazil, canine visceral leishmanisis (CVL) prevalence ranges from 1.9 to 35% in endemic areas (Evans et al. 1990, Nunes et al. 1991, França-Silva et al. 2002. The parasite can be isolated by means of tissue biopsies in 40-50% of dogs with positive immunofluorescence titres (Lanotte et al. 1979, Pozio et al. 1981 as well as asymptomatic animals . Consequently, asymptomatic and symptomatic infected dogs are both infective to the sand fly vectors (Molina et al. 1994).Recommended VL control strategies in Brazil involve systematic treatment of human cases, elimination of seropositive dogs and residual spraying of houses and animal shelters with insecticides (Vieira & Coelho 1998 high proportion of asymptomatic dogs, serological methods are essential for CVL diagnosis. Although the immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) is the most widespread diagnostic method, cross-reactivity with other diseases and low sensitivity in detecting asymptomatic dogs are the main limitations of this technique. In addition, IFAT is not readily adaptable to large-scale seroepidemiologi...

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Serological survey for canine cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in areas at risk for transmission in Rio de Janeiro where prophylatic measures had been adopted

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Synthetic sex pheromone attracts the leishmaniasis vector Lutzomyia longipalpis to experimental chicken sheds treated with insecticide

Synthetic sex pheromone attracts the leishmaniasis vector Lutzomyia longipalpis to experimental chicken sheds treated with insecticide

Visceral leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: eco-epidemiological aspects and control

Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using crude Leishmania and recombinant antigens as a diagnostic marker for canine visceral leishmaniasis

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