Serological responses and clinical outcome after vaccination of mares and foals with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) vaccines

Bresgen, Claudia; Lämmer, Marc; Wagner, Bettina; Osterrieder, Nikolaus; Damiani, Armando

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.042

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, they cannot completely block virus infection and most vaccines only induce reliable protection against respiratory disease (Heldens et al 2001;Patel & Heldens 2005;Ma et al 2013). Possible protection against neurological disease under experimental conditions (Goodman et al 2006) and abortion under field conditions using EHV-1-based vaccines (Bresgen et al 2012) was reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of equid herpesviruses among different Arabian horse populations in Egypt

Azab

Bedair

Abdelgawad

et al. 2019

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) threaten equine health and can cause significant economic losses to the equine industry worldwide. Different equid herpesviruses, EHV‐1, EHV‐2, EHV‐4 and EHV5 are regularly detected among horse populations. In Egypt, monitoring is sporadic but EHV‐1 or EHV‐4 have been reported to circulate in the horse population. However, there is a lack of reports related to infection and health status of horses, likely due to the absence of regular diagnostic procedures. In the current study, the circulation of four infectious equid herpesviruses (EHV‐1, EHV‐2, EHV‐4 and EHV‐5) among different Arabian horse populations and donkeys residing the same farm was monitored. Different samples were collected and DNA was extracted and subjected to quantitative (q)‐PCR to detect the four equid herpesviruses using specific primers and probes. Antibody titres against EHV‐1 and EHV‐4 were tested using virus neutralization test and type‐specific ELISA. The results showed that EHV‐1, EHV‐2, EHV‐4 and EHV‐5 are endemic and can be a continuous threat for horses in the absence of vaccination programs and frequent virus reactivation. There is an urgent need for introduction of active regular surveillance measures to investigate the presence of different equid herpesviruses, and other equine viral pathogens, in various horse populations around Egypt and to establish a standardized cataloguing of equine health status.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of equid herpesviruses among different Arabian horse populations in Egypt

Azab

Bedair

Abdelgawad

et al. 2019

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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“…Neonatal vaccination is a challenging task. Young foals respond poorly to available vaccine formulations, developed for adult horses, as indicated by delayed or weak adaptive immune responses to vaccination against different pathogens . The design of vaccines that induce immunity and protection in very young foals likely requires a better understanding of the immune response of foals to relevant equine pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of equine immunity: Current knowledge on immunology in the young horse

Perkins

Wagner

2015

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryThe development of equine immunity from the fetus to adulthood is complex. The foal's immune response and the immune mechanisms that they are equipped with, along with changes over the first months of life until the immune system becomes adult-like, are only partially understood. While several innate immune responses seem to be fully functional from birth, the onset of adaptive immune response is delayed. For some adaptive immune parameters, such as immunoglobin (Ig)G1, IgG3, IgG5 and IgA antibodies, the immune response starts before or at birth and matures within 3 months of life. Other antibody responses, such as IgG4, IgG7 and IgE production, slowly develop within the first year of life until they reach adult levels. Similar differences have been observed for adaptive T cell responses. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by T helper 1 (Th1)-cells and cytotoxic T cells starts shortly after birth with low level production that gradually increases during the first year of life. In contrast, interleukin-4 (IL-4) produced by Th2-cells is almost undetectable in the first 3 months of life. These findings offer some explanation for the increased susceptibility of foals to certain pathogens such as Rhodococcus equi. The delay in Th-cell development and in particular Th2 immunity during the first months of life also provides an explanation for the reduced responsiveness of young horses to most traditional vaccines. In summary, all immune components of adult horses seem to exist in foals but the orchestrating and regulation of the immune response in immature horses is strikingly different. Young foals are fully competent and can perform certain immune responses but many mechanisms have yet to mature. Additional work is needed to improve our understanding of immunity and immune regulation in young horses, to identify the preferred immune pathways that they are using and ultimately provide new preventive strategies to protect against infectious disease.

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“…Some commercial vaccines have been shown to contribute to protection from EHV-related respiratory disease, neurological disease, and abortion under experimental conditions (2-4). Many reports have described the serological responses of vaccinated horses in the field (5)(6)(7)(8), and vaccine use is considered to be partially responsible for a reduction in the incidence of equine abortion (9)(10)(11)(12). However, the effect of vaccination on the prevalence of respiratory disease induced by EHV-1 and EHV-4 in the field has not been investigated in detail.…”

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confidence: 99%

Successful Control of Winter Pyrexias Caused by Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 in Japanese Training Centers by Achieving High Vaccination Coverage

Bannai

Mae

Ode

et al. 2014

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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Serological responses and clinical outcome after vaccination of mares and foals with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) vaccines

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

Detection of equid herpesviruses among different Arabian horse populations in Egypt

Detection of equid herpesviruses among different Arabian horse populations in Egypt

The development of equine immunity: Current knowledge on immunology in the young horse

Successful Control of Winter Pyrexias Caused by Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 in Japanese Training Centers by Achieving High Vaccination Coverage

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