Serological response to formolized Kyasanur forest disease virus vaccine in humans at Sagar and Sorab Talukas of Shimoga district

Dandawate, C N; Upadhyaya, Sasmita; Banerjee, Kalyan

doi:10.1016/s0092-1157(80)80041-2

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Since then a total of 24 cases were reported in the last 10 years and most of these cases were originated from Mecca or Jeddah of Saudi Arabia [48] In contrast, India has experienced several KFD epidemics, although they have been very much confined to Karnatak state. Epidemics of KFD were controlled to a great extent after successful development of a formalin-inactivated vaccine produced in chick embryo fibroblasts [20,49,50]. However, the recent data on the incidence of KFD cases (unpublished) from five districts of Karnataka state, namely Shimoga, Udupi, Mangalore, Chickmangalore and Uttar Kannada suggest that the number of cases has increased in the last five years despite the routine vaccination ( Figure 3).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Kyasanur forest disease: an epidemiological view in India

Pattnaik

2006

Reviews in Medical Virology

161

174

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Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) was first recognised as a febrile illness in the Shimoga district of Karnataka state of India. The causative agent, KFD virus (KFDV), is a highly pathogenic member in the family Flaviviridae, producing a haemorrhagic disease in infected human beings. KFD is a zoonotic disease and has so far been localised only in a southern part of India. The exact cause of its emergence in the mid 1950s is not known. A variant of KFDV, characterised serologically and genetically as Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV), has been recently identified in Saudi Arabia. KFDV and AHFV share 89% sequence homology, suggesting common ancestral origin. Homology modelling of KFDV envelope (E) protein exhibited a structure similar to those of other flaviviruses, suggesting a common mechanism of virus-cell fusion. The possible mechanism of receptor-ligand interaction involved in infection by KFDV may resemble that of other flavivirses. Present understanding is that KFDV may be persisting silently in several regions of India and that antigenic and structural differences from other tick borne viruses may be related to the unique host specificity and pathogenicity of KFDV. From January 1999 through January 2005, an increasing number of KFD cases have been detected in Karnataka state of Indian subcontinent despite routine vaccination, suggesting insufficient efficacy of the current vaccine protocol. However, the exact cause of the increase of KFD cases needs further investigation. Considering the requirement of safer and more effective vaccines in general, there is clearly a need for developing an alternative vaccine as well as a rapid diagnostic system for KFD. The changing ecology of the prime focus of the KFD also warrants attention, as it may lead to establishment of the disease in newer localities, never reported before.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Kyasanur forest disease: an epidemiological view in India

Pattnaik

2006

Reviews in Medical Virology

161

174

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“…These included 5–10% suspension of formalin-inactivated Russian Spring Summer Encephalitis (RSSE) virus [4]–[6], formalin inactivated vaccine from mice brain [7] as well as tissue culture source [8]–[9] and a live attenuated vaccine through serial tissue culture passages [10]. Field studies conducted in 1970–71 with the formolized KFDV demonstrated a serological response in 59% of the vaccinees after two doses [11]–[12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coverage and Effectiveness of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Vaccine in Karnataka, South India, 2005–10

et al. 2013

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BackgroundKyasanur forest disease (KFD), a tick-borne viral disease with hemorrhagic manifestations, is localised in five districts of Karnataka state, India. Annual rounds of vaccination using formalin inactivated tissue-culture vaccine have been conducted in the region since 1990. Two doses of vaccine are administered to individuals aged 7–65 years at an interval of one month followed by periodic boosters after 6–9 months. In spite of high effectiveness of the vaccine reported in earlier studies, KFD cases among vaccinated individuals have been recently reported. We analysed KFD vaccination and case surveillance data from 2005 to 2010.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe calculated KFD incidence among vaccinated and unvaccinated populations and computed the relative risk and vaccine effectiveness. During 2005–2010, a total of 343,256 individuals were eligible for KFD vaccination (details of vaccination for 2008 were not available). Of these, 52% did not receive any vaccine while 36% had received two doses and a booster. Of the 168 laboratory-confirmed KFD cases reported during this 5-year period, 134 (80%) were unvaccinated, nine each had received one and two doses respectively while 16 had received a booster during the pre-transmission season. The relative risks of disease following one, two and booster doses of vaccine were 1.06 (95% CI = 0.54–2.1), 0.38 (95% CI = 0.19–0.74) and 0.17 (95% CI = 0.10–0.29) respectively. The effectiveness of the vaccine was 62.4% (95% CI = 26.1–80.8) among those who received two doses and 82.9% (95% CI = 71.3–89.8) for those who received two doses followed by a booster dose as compared to the unvaccinated individuals.ConclusionsCoverage of KFD vaccine in the study area was low. Observed effectiveness of the KFD vaccine was lower as compared to the earlier reports, especially after a single dose administration. Systematic efforts are needed to increase the vaccine coverage and identify the reasons for lower effectiveness of the vaccine in the region.

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“…data). Earlier studies showed vaccine efficacy of 79.3% with 1 dose and 93.5% with 2 doses ( 5 , 6 ). The vaccination program identifies villages reporting KFD activity (laboratory-confirmed cases in monkeys and/or humans, or infected ticks), and all villages within 5 km of the affected location are targeted for vaccination.…”

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confidence: 99%