Serological marking of Pnigalio agraules (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for field dispersal studies

Naranjo

Machtley

et al. 2014

J Applied Entomology

A field study was conducted to test the marking efficiency of broadcast spray applications of protein marks on stationary (represented by cadavers) and free‐roaming lady beetles Hippodamia convergens Guérin‐Méneville that were strategically placed in blooming alfalfa plots. The marks tested included three different concentrations of egg albumin from chicken egg white, casein from bovine milk and trypsin inhibitor from soy milk. The cadaver and free‐roaming beetle treatments served to measure the acquisition and retention of each protein treatment regime by direct contact with the spray solution and by residual contact with protein‐marked residue on alfalfa, respectively. In addition, the vertical distribution of marking efficacy was determined by sampling alfalfa plant tissue and beetle cadavers that were located on the upper and lower portion of the plant canopy. The data indicated that the backpack spray apparatus was very effective at uniformly administering the various protein marks, regardless of the concentration, throughout the entire plant canopy. Also, the free‐roaming beetles readily self‐marked by contact exposure to protein‐treated plants. We also identified concentrations of each protein type that will mark about 90% of the resident beetle population. Moreover, if a mark–capture‐type study only requires two unique protein marks, we determined that concentrations of 25% for egg white and 100% for bovine milk could be used to mark 98% of the population. Our results provide a significant step towards standardizing protein immunomarking protocols for insect mark–capture dispersal research. In addition, we identify several areas of research that are needed to further standardize the protein mark–capture procedure.

“…; Hagler and Naranjo ; Peck and McQuate ; Buczkowski and Bennett ; Jasrotia and Ben‐Yakir ; Janke et al. ; Baker et al. ; Kelly et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a standardized protein immunomarking protocol for insect mark–capture dispersal research

Naranjo

Machtley

et al. 2014

J Applied Entomology

“…The first generation of protein markers included sandwich type ELISAs designed to detect either rabbit or chicken IgG proteins (Hagler, 1997). These protein markers have been proven effective for marking a wide variety of insects for mark-release-recapture (MRR) and self-marking type research (DeGrandi-Hoffman & Hagler, 2000;Hagler et al, 2002;Blackmer et al, 2004;Hagler & Naranjo, 2004;Peck & McQuate, 2004;Buczkowski & Bennett, 2006;Jasrotia & Ben-Yakir, 2006;Janke et al, 2009;Baker et al, 2010). However, the major drawback with IgGs is that they are too expensive for field scale mark-capture type research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of the retention and lethality of the first and second generation arthropod protein markers

Slosky

Hoffmann

Entomologia Exp Applicata

2012

A greenhouse study was conducted that compared the protein mark retention time of a well‐established rabbit IgG protein detection protocol with those of three newer, less expensive protein detection protocols designed to detect casein in bovine milk, egg albumin in chicken egg whites, and soy trypsin in soy milk, respectively. Adult convergent lady beetles, Hippodamia convergens Guérin‐Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were topically marked with either 2.0 ml of a 5.0 mg ml−1 rabbit IgG solution or 2.0 ml of pure bovine milk, chicken egg whites, or soy milk solutions. The variously marked cohorts of beetles were then released into cages that contained a single cotton plant. In turn, beetles were collected every other day for 26 days after marking and assayed for the presence of the protein marks by either a sandwich anti‐rabbit IgG enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or an indirect anti‐casein, anti‐egg albumin, or anti‐soy trypsin ELISA to detect bovine casein, chicken egg albumin, or soy milk trypsin, respectively. Data indicate that the durability of the protein markers on the beetles decreases in the following order: egg whites > rabbit IgG > milk > soy milk. In addition, the mortality of H. convergens after receiving each protein mark treatment was assessed. Data revealed that there were no significant differences in mean mortality of beetles between any of the protein treatments. Overall mortality during the course of the 26‐day study ranged from 30% for the soy‐marked beetles to 50% for the water and rabbit IgG‐marked beetles.

“…Since then, other methods have been used to administer IgG/IgY marks to arthropods for dispersal research. For example, a perfume atomizer has been used to apply IgG/IgY marks on other parasitoid species 13,14 . Others have internally marked various insects by feeding them (i.e., self-marking) rabbit IgG labeled honey 14,15 or sugar water 16 ( Figure 3B).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Administering and Detecting Protein Marks on Arthropods for Dispersal Research

Machtley

2016

JoVE

Monitoring arthropod movement is often required to better understand associated population dynamics, dispersal patterns, host plant preferences, and other ecological interactions. Arthropods are usually tracked in nature by tagging them with a unique mark and then recollecting them over time and space to determine their dispersal capabilities. In addition to actual physical tags, such as colored dust or paint, various types of proteins have proven very effective for marking arthropods for ecological research. Proteins can be administered internally and/ or externally. The proteins can then be detected on recaptured arthropods with a protein-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Here we describe protocols for externally and internally tagging arthropods with protein. Two simple experimental examples are demonstrated: (1) an internal protein mark introduced to an insect by providing a protein-enriched diet and (2) an external protein mark topically applied to an insect using a medical nebulizer. We then relate a step-by-step guide of the sandwich and indirect ELISA methods used to detect protein marks on the insects. In this demonstration, various aspects of the acquisition and detection of protein markers on arthropods for mark-releaserecapture, mark-capture, and self-mark-capture types of research are discussed, along with the various ways that the immunomarking procedure has been adapted to suit a wide variety of research objectives. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at