Serological Humoral Immunity Following Natural Infection of Children with High Burden Gastrointestinal Viruses

Abstract

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, resulting in an estimated 440,571 deaths of children under age 5 annually. Rotavirus, norovirus, and sapovirus are leading causes of childhood AGE. A successful rotavirus vaccine has reduced rotavirus hospitalizations by more than 50%. Using rotavirus as a guide, elucidating the determinants, breath, and duration of serological antibody immunity to AGE viruses, as well as host genetic factors that define susceptibility is essential for informing development of future vaccines and improving current vaccine candidates. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of disease burden and serological antibody immunity following natural infection to inform further vaccine development for these three high-burden viruses.

Vaccines, adjuvants and key factors for mucosal immune response

“…While breast‐feed newborns presented SIgA in their stool since the first week of life, formula‐feed newborns only presented it in the third week [107]. Given the burden of gastrointestinal infections for children [108], mucosal immunization during pregnancy should be considered.…”

Antigenic Site Immunodominance Redirection Following Repeat Variant Exposure

“…HuNoV infections peak between the ages of 6 and 18 months and are characterized by repeat infection with diverse genotypes [51]. However, repeat infection with the same genotype or the same GII.4 variant is rare, indicating that protective immunity does control disease but may be genotype/variant specific, particularly in the young [52].…”

Analysis of Factors Involving Drinking Water Contamination by Glyphosate and/or Nitrate in Urban Areas

“…On the other hand, HOSP does not present significant correlations with factors related to water disinfection quality that were not included in this PCA, such as FRC (r = 0.08), %MB+ (r = -0.16) and turbidity (r = -0.13). Thus, the data suggest that the HOSP variable was related to contamination variables in a complex context that may involve the absence of adequate and feasible public policies in cities with contaminated waters -in order to reduce the impact of acute gastroenteritis caused by viruses, for example, vaccines are necessary and a set of preventive actions that include not only improving water quality, but also adequate sanitation, nutritional interventions and hygiene, and breastfeeding incentive guidelines for the population [38]. The demographic variables showed a higher number of significant correlations with the variables related to surface water contamination (see Table SM 09, supplementary material), but their inclusion in the respective PCA model also did not promote significant changes in the distribution between contaminated and uncontaminated waters groups in the scores plot (Fig.…”