2019
DOI: 10.3390/v11060516
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Serological Evidence of Influenza D Virus Circulation Among Cattle and Small Ruminants in France

Abstract: Influenza D virus (IDV) has first been identified in 2011 in the USA and was shown to mainly circulate in cattle. While IDV is associated with mild respiratory signs, its prevalence is still unknown. In the present study we show that IDV has been circulating throughout France in cattle and small ruminants, with 47.2% and 1.5% seropositivity, respectively. The high prevalence and moderate pathogenicity of IDV in cattle suggest that it may play an initiating role in the bovine respiratory disease complex.

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Cited by 48 publications
(66 citation statements)
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“…As no IDV vaccination is in place, all the positive sera came from natural infections. The seropositivity rates observed in cattle and small ruminants were lower than those reported in Europe, North America, Asia, or Africa [2,3,12,13,15,26,27]. Our IDV seroprevalence estimated in Togo was also higher in 2015 than in 2017-2019, reaching 21% in cattle [2].…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 64%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…As no IDV vaccination is in place, all the positive sera came from natural infections. The seropositivity rates observed in cattle and small ruminants were lower than those reported in Europe, North America, Asia, or Africa [2,3,12,13,15,26,27]. Our IDV seroprevalence estimated in Togo was also higher in 2015 than in 2017-2019, reaching 21% in cattle [2].…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 64%
“…[8,12,13,16,26,27] Small ruminants density Specific antibodies against IDV were detected in small ruminants, justifying their density as a risk factor. [3,26] Presence of respiratory clinical signs in cattle Several studies report that IDV is more commonly isolated from cattle with respiratory clinical signs and can be airborne transmitted among cattle. [8,[16][17][18] Cattle age Calves appear more susceptible to IDV infection than adults.…”
Section: Risk Factor Explanation Referencesmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…Cattle are considered the major reservoir of IDV and the role of this recently discovered influenza virus in BRD still remains controversial [23,24]. We performed a virological screening for IDV from samples collected from cattle belonging to farms in Northern Italy with respiratory symptoms.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Newly recognized as a novel species, influenza D virus (IDV) was first isolated in 2011 from a pig exhibiting influenza-like-illness (ILI) [1]. IDV has been detected in various animal species including pigs [2], cattle [3], goats and sheep [4] with the highest prevalence reported in young cattle with symptoms of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) [5]. To date, IDV has not been isolated in poultry [4].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%