Serological evidence of human infection by bat orthoreovirus in Singapore

Uehara, Anna; Tan, Chee Wah; Mani, Shailendra; Chua, Kaw Bing; Leo, Yee Sin; Anderson, Danielle E.; Wang, Lin‐Fa

doi:10.1002/jmv.25355

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…We identified 67 out of 517 (12.9%) macaques that were seropositive for PRV, and of these monkeys 34 out of 517 (6.57%) had neutralizing antibodies specifically against PRV3M. This is a significant finding in the context of our recently published study indicating human exposure to PRVs in Singapore [9]. For the first time, we have demonstrated evidence of exposure to PRVs in both human and monkey populations co-residing in the same city/region in close proximity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…It is important to note that, almost in all of the cases, an intermediate host has been identified to play a crucial role in amplifying and transmitting the virus from bats to humans such as horses for Hendra virus, pigs for Nipah virus and palm civets for SARS-CoV [25][26][27][28][29]. With multiple reports of PRV presence in bats in many parts of Asia [2,12,[14][15][16][17] and a higher than expected prevalence in certain human populations [7][8][9], we raised the hypothesis that it is possible that a yet-to-be-identified intermediate host(s) may also play a role in the spillover of PRVs from bats to humans. Alternatively, an additional reservoir may play a role in zoonotic transmission of PRV, as is the case with camels and MERS-CoV [30][31][32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence of PRV infection in humans has been reported in various locations in Southeast Asia (Figure 1). In a molecular surveillance study in Rembau, Malaysia, PRV was detected in oropharyngeal swabs from 17% of outpatients suffering from acute respiratory tract infections [7] and in serological studies on select populations, PRV seroprevalence rates range from 4.4-13% [7][8][9]. Although direct bat-to-human transmission was likely the route of transmission in the PRV3M outbreak [3], it is less clear whether bats played a direct role in transmitting the viruses to humans in the other reported cases of human infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serological evidence and experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques with pteropine orthoreovirus reveal monkeys as potential hosts for transmission to humans

Tan

Wittwer

Lim

et al. 2019

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Pteropine orthoreoviruses (PRV) are emerging bat-borne viruses with proven zoonotic transmission. We recently demonstrated human exposure to PRV in Singapore, which together with previous reports from Malaysia and Vietnam suggest that human infection of PRV may occur periodically in the region. This raises the question whether bats are the only sources of human infection. In this study, we screened 517 cynomolgus macaques caught in Singapore for evidence of exposure to PRV3M (also known as Melaka virus), which was first isolated from human patients in Melaka, Malaysia. We found that 67 serum samples were PRV3M positive by ELISA and 34 were also positive by virus neutralization assay. To investigate whether monkeys could act as hosts for PRV transmission, we experimentally infected cynomolgus macaques with PRV3M and housed these animals with uninfected monkeys. Although no clinical signs of infection were observed in infected animals, viral RNA was detected in nasal and rectal swabs and all infected macaques seroconverted. Additionally, one of the uninfected animals seroconverted, implying active shedding and transmission of PRV3M. We provide evidence that PRV exposure in the macaque population in Singapore occurs at a relatively high prevalence and this study suggests that cynomolgus macaques may be an intermediate or reservoir host for PRVs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serological evidence and experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques with pteropine orthoreovirus reveal monkeys as potential hosts for transmission to humans

Tan

Wittwer

Lim

et al. 2019

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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“…72 ). In several other cases, bat-to-human spillover was assessed retrospectively via serological human cohort studies; for example, Henipavirus spillover among bat hunters in Cameroon 73 , bat-borne reovirus (Melaka virus and Pulau virus) exposure in people living in close proximity to bat roosts on Tioman Island, Malaysia 74 , as well as in a random sample screened in Singapore 75 , Filovirus exposure of bat hunters in India 76 and ongoing human exposure to SARSr-CoVs in rural communities in China occurring after the 2003 SARS outbreak 77 .…”

Section: Viral Spillover From Batsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bat-borne virus diversity, spillover and emergence

et al. 2020

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Most viral pathogens in humans have animal origins and arose through cross-species transmission. Over the past 50 years, several viruses, including Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2, have been linked back to various bat species. Despite decades of research into bats and the pathogens they carry, the fields of bat virus ecology and molecular biology are still nascent, with many questions largely unexplored, thus hindering our ability to anticipate and prepare for the next viral outbreak. In this Review, we discuss the latest advancements and understanding of bat-borne viruses, reflecting on current knowledge gaps and outlining the potential routes for future research as well as for outbreak response and prevention efforts.

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“…The other related strain, WIV5, was isolated from a bat in 2011 in China 13 . Bats are natural reservoirs of a variety of viruses, including reoviruses, and accumulating evidence indicates that the interspecies transmission of other orthoreovirus species from bats to humans seems to be frequent [15][16][17][18] . Therefore, the ancestral strain of the MRV-2 Osaka strain may have originated in bats, and subsequently retained in human population for a long time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel human reovirus isolated from children and its long-term circulation with reassortments

Yamamoto

Motooka

Egawa

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV), also known as reovirus, was discovered in the 1950s and became the first reported segmented double-stranded RNA virus. MRVs have since been found in a variety of animal species, including humans. However, reports on MRV infections are scarce due to the rarity of their symptomatic occurrence. In Japanese surveillance studies, MRVs have been detected as gastrointestinal pathogens since 1981, with a total of 135 records. In Osaka City, Japan, MRV was first isolated in 1994 from a child with meningitis, and then in 2005 and 2014 from children with gastroenteritis. Here, we conducted the first molecular characterization of human MRV isolates from Japan and identified a novel human reovirus strain belonging to MRV type 2, designated the MRV-2 Osaka strain. This strain, with all three isolates classified, is closely related to MRV-2 isolates from sewage in Taiwan and is relatively close to an MRV-2 isolate from a bat in China. Our data suggest that the MRV-2 Osaka strain, which has circulated amongst humans in Japan for at least two decades, has spread internationally. The mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) species belongs to the genus Orthoreovirus of the family Reoviridae, and is characterized by 10 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome encapsulated in the viral particles with a diameter of 65 to 80 nm 1. The ten dsRNA segments consist of three large (L1-L3), three medium (M1-M3), and four small (S1-S4) size class segments. The S1 segment encodes an attachment protein that binds to host cell receptors, thereby determining cell and tissue tropism, as well as the virus serotype 1. Four virus strains isolated from children in the 1950s (type 1 Lang, type 2 Jones, type 3 Abney, and type 3 Dearing) are the most frequently used MRV-1-3 prototypes to date. The fourth serotype (MRV-4) was isolated from a mouse, but its infection in humans has never been reported 2. Due to the segmented nature of MRV genomes, they are capable of undergoing gene reassortment during co-infection in one cell, resulting in the emergence of reassortants containing mixed segments from two or more different parental strains. Since there has been no type-specific segment found, except for the S1 segment, it seems that segments can be exchanged between any types of MRV. MRV has a wide geographic distribution, and is considered to infect practically all mammals, including humans 1. Human infections with MRV are common in early childhood 3,4 , but are rarely symptomatic 1. When MRV produces symptoms in human, the most common manifestations are coryza, pharyngitis, cough 5 , as well as gastroenteritis 6. More severe cases, including neurological diseases and meningitis, have also been reported 6-10. However, MRV is rarely detected in humans, even during longitudinal studies 6,11 , although it is one of the most abundant viruses in environmental waters 11,12. Here, we present epidemiological information regarding MRV detections in Japan since 1981. We conducted the first molecular characterization of MRV isolates from chi...

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Serological evidence of human infection by bat orthoreovirus in Singapore

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

Serological evidence and experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques with pteropine orthoreovirus reveal monkeys as potential hosts for transmission to humans

Serological evidence and experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques with pteropine orthoreovirus reveal monkeys as potential hosts for transmission to humans

Bat-borne virus diversity, spillover and emergence

Novel human reovirus isolated from children and its long-term circulation with reassortments

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