Serological Evidence of Endemic Waterborne Cryptosporidium Infections

Frost, Floyd J.; Muller, Tim; Craun, Gunther F.; Lockwood, William B.; Calderon, Rebecca L.

doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(01)00313-1

Cited by 55 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…20,21 In southern Europe, 62-83% of studied populations were detected to have the IgG antibody to Cryptosporidium antigens. 23 The present figures also revealed a significant positive correlation between the prevalence of infection among different age groups with peak values among children under 6 years age group. The high seropositivity of Cryptosporidium sp.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

A serological survey on cryptosporidiosis in Najran region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia with reference to some epidemiological features of the infection

Elshahawy

2017

Int J Adv Med

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Furthermore, many cases of non-bacterial, non-viral infectious human diarrhea are commonly attributed to Cryptosporidium. 2This Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea is not unique. Thus, diagnosis should be relied ABSTRACT Background: Cryptosporidium infection remains a major public health issue, but its epidemiology in humans is still unclear, particularly in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. Hence, this study was designed to determine the infection status of Cryptosporidium and the reservoir hosts in southwestern Saudi Arabia community and to recognize the associated risk factors, with evaluating the diagnostic performance of the techniques used. Methods: A total of 576 stool specimens and sera were screened for cryptosporidiosis using modified Ziehl neelsen technique and a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively, between September 2015 and December 2016. Results: Of the 576 samples assayed, 9.5 and 20.8% were positive for Cryptosporidium oocyst and antiCryptosporidium antibody, respectively. The seropositivity was positively correlated with age, especially in the age group less than 6 years old. Likewise, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infections in males was significantly higher than in female counterparts (P < 0.05). The current study revealed that the maximum number of cases, 22.4%, was observed during the months of January to April, indicating marked significant seasonal variation. Sensitivity and specificity of newly developed Elisa technique when compared to acid-fast were 100% and 88.24%, respectively. Conclusions: This is the first study highlighting that Cryptosporidium infections are still an important public health problem in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. Therefore, health education would be the best way to prevent the infections and the serological assays proved to be useful mean to provide more accurate information regarding community levels of Cryptosporidium infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

A serological survey on cryptosporidiosis in Najran region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia with reference to some epidemiological features of the infection

Elshahawy

2017

Int J Adv Med

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“…Recent North American studies This has been the subject of subsequent debate (Frost & Craun 1998;Okhuysen et al 1998;Chappell et al 2001;Muller et al 2001;Frost et al 2003b;Priest et al 2003). These wellcharacterized infections were used to study further the immune response (Okhuysen et al 1998;Moss et al 1998a, b;Chappell et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussion Of Early Worldwide Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a US national estimate of the risk of endemic waterborne disease – sero-epidemiologic studies

Casemore

2006

Journal of Water and Health

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Worldwide literature on serological methods and sero-surveys on waterborne pathogens has been reviewed. Outbreak investigation and research reports have also been examined to aid understanding of the serological response and transmission dynamics. The aim was to seek an estimate of seroprevalence and to determine if this could inform the US national estimate of risk for endemic waterborne infection associated with public water supplies. Antibody responses indicate infection, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, so probably give a truer indication of prevalence. Outbreak data can probably be regarded as the upper bound for seroprevalence estimations. Antibody is not necessarily protective per se but is a good indicator for at least partial resistance to symptomatic infection; absence of antibody will normally imply susceptibility.Pathogens transmitted by water are commonly transmitted by other routes. However, the fact that other transmission routes are more common does not detract from the potential protective effect of immunity when waterborne transmission occurs. Data indicate that seroprevalence varies widely, reflecting geographic, social and hygiene factors, but is generally greater where surface water sources are used rather than groundwater. Areas of low seroprevalence may expect a high attack rate in the event of contamination of their water supply.Key words | Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, ELISA, endemic infection, E. coli 0157, Giardia, molecular studies, noroviruses, outbreaks, sero-epidemiology, seroprevalence, waterborne pathogens, western blot ABBREVIATIONS DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL ASPECTS OF IMMUNOLOGYEpidemiology, at its simplest, is the study of the occurrence (number and frequency) and distribution of cases by person This paper is in the public domain: verbatim copying and redistribution of this paper are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the paper's original DOI. Anyone using the paper is requested to properly cite and acknowledge the source as J. The outcome of the contamination of water supply and transmission to consumers depends on complex dynamics with various, usually ill characterised, factors-the organism, the exposed persons (and their levels of immunity) and the environment (Casemore 1994(Casemore , 1995Meinhardt et al. 1996).In order to better understand the natural history of waterborne infections and the complexities of the dynamics of transmission (see Figure 1), epidemiological investigations can be enhanced by serologic studies . The purpose of this paper concerns the national estimate of risk of endemic infection from water. However, reports on immunological studies and on the investigation of outbreaks are fundamental to the understanding of endemic infection and illness. In general terms, prevalence in outbreaks likely represents the upper boundary for endemic infection estimates.Sero-epidemiology is a form of study in which the demonstration of antibodies to the organism of interest is used as a surrogate or marker for the d...

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“…Furthermore, a number of asymptomatic E. histolytica carriers may subsequently develop intestinal disease (121), and this may also be true for Blastocystis. The asymptomatic state also appears to be common for Cryptosporidium infections based on the high frequency of seroconversion compared to that of clinically diagnosed disease (74,125,190). Studies of these pathogens revealed that clinical outcome is multifactorial, influenced by host and parasite factors, and it may therefore be difficult to predict pathogenic potential even from case-controlled studies.…”

Section: Infection and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme anoxia tolerance in embryos of the annual killifishAustrofundulus limnaeus: insights from a metabolomics analysis

Podrabsky

Lopez

Fan

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

129

154

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SUMMARY The annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus survives in ephemeral pond habitats by producing drought-tolerant diapausing embryos. These embryos probably experience oxygen deprivation as part of their normal developmental environment. We assessed the anoxia tolerance of A. limnaeus embryos across the duration of embryonic development. Embryos develop a substantial tolerance to anoxia during early development, which peaks during diapause II. This extreme tolerance of anoxia is retained during the first 4 days of post-diapause II development and is then lost. Metabolism during anoxia appears to be supported mainly by production of lactate, with alanine and succinate production contributing to a lesser degree. Anoxic embryos also accumulate large quantities of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA), a potential protector of neural function. It appears that the suite of characters associated with normal development and entry into diapause II in this species prepares the embryos for long-term survival in anoxia even while the embryos are exposed to aerobic conditions. This is the first report of such extreme anoxia tolerance in a vertebrate embryo, and introduces a new model for the study of anoxia tolerance in vertebrates.

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Serological Evidence of Endemic Waterborne Cryptosporidium Infections

Cited by 55 publications

References 15 publications

A serological survey on cryptosporidiosis in Najran region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia with reference to some epidemiological features of the infection

A serological survey on cryptosporidiosis in Najran region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia with reference to some epidemiological features of the infection

Towards a US national estimate of the risk of endemic waterborne disease – sero-epidemiologic studies

Extreme anoxia tolerance in embryos of the annual killifishAustrofundulus limnaeus: insights from a metabolomics analysis

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