Serological evidence of avian influenza virus and canine influenza virus infections among stray cats in live poultry markets, China

A Review: Canine and Feline Influenza

“…Sera samples of 0.034% and 0.023% were tested positive for H9N2 antigen using Haemagglutination inhibition test (1:20 titre) and microneutralization assay (1:80 titre) respectively (Zhou et al, 2015a). This study further showed that cats near poultry market and those showing influenza-like signs have higher risk of possessing rise in antibody titer.…”

“…In dogs, these include CIV H3N8, CIV H3N2, CIV H3N1, Pandemic H1N1, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1, H5N2 and Avian-like H9N2 (Keawcharoen et al, 2004;Crawford et al, 2005;Thanawongnuwech et al, 2005;Songserm et al, 2006b;Harder et al, 2010;Lin et al, 2011;Song et al, 2012;Zhan et al, 2012;Sun et al, 2013). In cat, these IAV subtypes include Avian influenza H9N2; CIV H3N2, HPAI H5N1 and Pandemic H1N1 (Songserm et al, 2006a;Sponseller et al, 2010;Song et al, 2011;Zhou et al, 2015a were presented separately at a veterinary teaching hospital in China with history of respiratory abnormalities including severe cough with sputum. One of the owners reported that the family members had experienced influenza-like illness prior to the dog becoming ill.…”

“…Also, it has been experimentally proven that interspecies transmission of H1N1/2009 among dogs is low (Lin et al, 2012). Amirsalehy et al, 2012;Sun et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2013;Zhou et al, 2015a ;Zhou et al, 2015b ii. Avian-Origin Canine Influenza Virus H3N2 In South Korea, there was an outbreak of CIV H3N2 with severe respiratory diseases between May to September 2007 (Song et al, 2008).…”

“…The nucleotide sequences of the feline isolate displayed 98.0-99.8% similarities with all eight gene segments of CIV H3N2. Also, serological evidence of canine H3N2 in stray cats found near live poultry market in China suggested that interspecies transmission can originate from birds (Zhou et al, 2015a). Also, the intraspecies transmission of CIV H3N2 was found to be rapid in cats with endemic or epidemic respiratory diseases characteristics (Jeoung et al, 2013).…”

“…Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the HA and NA genes of HPAI virus isolated from the cat and the pigeon that died during the outbreak showed that the HA and NA genes of the viruses were similar to each other as well as to those of the viruses isolated from tigers, chickens, and humans in Thailand (Songserm et al, 2006a). Seroprevalence studies conducted in China from 2010 to 2013 indicated low prevalence of H5N1 using haemagglutination inhibition test and microneutralization assay (Sun et al, 2015;Zhou et al, 2015a) However, transmission of H5N1 from experimentally infected dog to cat has been experimentally proven to be unlikely (Giese et al, 2008).…”