Serological Anthrax Surveillance in Wild Boar (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) in Ukraine

Bagamian, Karoun H.; Skrypnyk, Artem; Rodina, Yana; Bezymennyi, Maksym; Nevolko, Oleg; Skrypnyk, V.; Blackburn, Jason K.

doi:10.1089/vbz.2013.1521

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This tool could help understanding anthrax ecology in the apparent absence of disease. It could also potentially be used to determine the status of anthrax in areas where the disease presence or absence is uncertain due to lack of reported outbreaks in livestock species, given the missed cases or under reporting of outbreaks by communities [2, 18]. Such information would augment the surveillance measures for anthrax already outlined by WHO/OIE [9, 16], for better understanding the range of the disease [18, 19, 35] and hence targeted public health awareness campaigns and preventive livestock vaccinations where warranted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In highly susceptible hosts like herbivores, the course of anthrax is usually peracute to acute with high mortality in affected individuals, making serology of little value as a method of laboratory diagnosis, except only for the purpose of monitoring vaccine efficacy [16, 17]. However, carnivores and suids have been found to be relatively resistant, produce antibodies to B. anthracis and could even be reactive to unapparent infections in the range [8, 18]. Although the length of the reactive immunity in the affected carnivores has not yet been determined, it is suspected to be longer than a year, as compared with a few months in herbivores [2, 6] thus potentially enabling detection of antibodies to B. anthracis in these animals well after the disease event [8, 19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A serological survey of anthrax in domestic dogs in Zimbabwe: a potential tool for anthrax surveillance

et al. 2018

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Anthrax is an important disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis affecting both domestic and wild animals at the wildlife/livestock interface, defined here as a physical space in which wild and domestic species overlap in range and potentially interact. In endemic regions, sporadic anthrax outbreaks occur, causing significant deaths of both wildlife and livestock and sporadically, humans. However, it may also occur as isolated outbreaks with a few animals affected. Such isolated anthrax outbreaks maybe missed. High seroprevalence among carnivores suggests either regular non-fatal exposure to the pathogen circulating in a given environment, or contact with missed cases through consumption of anthrax carcases. To investigate the relevance of this potential indicator, a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine anthrax seroprevalence in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) from selected interface and non-interface areas of Zimbabwe with known history of anthrax outbreaks. Based on past anthrax outbreaks in the respective areas, the sites were further classified as high or low risk areas for anthrax outbreaks. Sera were collected from domestic dogs (n = 186) and tested for antibodies against B. anthracis protective antigens (PA) using an ELISA test. The overall seroprevalence was 51.6% (96/186; 95% CI 44.2-59.0). Sites from the non-interface areas recorded a significantly (P < 0.001) higher (72.1%) anthrax seroprevalence compared with those from the wildlife -livestock interface (41.5%). The results demonstrated a strong association (χ2 = 14.3; OR = 3.2, 1.6 < OR < 6.2, P < 0.001) between anthrax seropositivity and interface type. Low-risk sites (42.5%) had a significantly (P = 0.044) lower seroprevalence compared with high-risk sites (58.5%) but still demonstrated high seroprevalence for areas where anthrax was last reported more than 20 years back. Dogs from Tsholotsho South were more than 90-times (OR = 96.5, 13.5 < OR < 690.8) more likely to be seropositive compared with those from Hwange. The study demonstrated the potential to use domestic dogs as indicators of anthrax in the study areas to survey anthrax circulation in supposed low-risk areas and calls for a redefinition of both low and high risk areas for anthrax in Zimbabwe based on an improved surveillance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A serological survey of anthrax in domestic dogs in Zimbabwe: a potential tool for anthrax surveillance

et al. 2018

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“…An additional published collaborative study highlights the importance of including wildlife and surveillance for zoonotic diseases ( 30 ). In that study, the serological survey of wild boar collected from hunter check stations confirmed that at least some boars are exposed to B. anthracis in Ukraine.…”

Section: Pathogens and Policiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying Science: Opportunities to Inform Disease Management Policy with Cooperative Research within a One Health Framework

Blackburn

Kracalik

Fair

2016

Front. Public Health

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The ongoing Ebola outbreak in West Africa and the current saiga antelope die off in Kazakhstan each represent very real and difficult to manage public or veterinary health crises. They also illustrate the importance of stable and funded surveillance and sound policy for intervention or disease control. While these two events highlight extreme cases of infectious disease (Ebola) or (possible) environmental exposure (saiga), diseases such as anthrax, brucellosis, tularemia, and plague are all zoonoses that pose risks and present surveillance challenges at the wildlife-livestock–human interfaces. These four diseases are also considered important actors in the threat of biological terror activities and have a long history as legacy biowarfare pathogens. This paper reviews recent studies done cooperatively between American and institutions within nations of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) focused on spatiotemporal, epidemiological, and ecological patterns of these four zoonoses. We examine recent studies and discuss the possible ways in which techniques, including ecological niche modeling, disease risk modeling, and spatiotemporal cluster analysis, can inform disease surveillance, control efforts, and impact policy. Our focus is to posit ways to apply science to disease management policy and actual management or mitigation practices. Across these examples, we illustrate the value of cooperative studies that bring together modern geospatial and epidemiological analyses to improve our understanding of the distribution of pathogens and diseases in livestock, wildlife, and humans. For example, ecological niche modeling can provide national level maps of pathogen distributions for surveillance planning, while space-time models can identify the timing and location of significant outbreak events for defining active control strategies. We advocate for the need to bring the results and the researchers from cooperative studies into the meeting rooms where policy is negotiated and use these results to inform future disease surveillance and control or eradication campaigns.

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“…On the other hand, the relatively low seroprevalence in combination with high mortality rates, which are observed in savanna herbivores, suggests these species are more susceptible to the disease [ 10 , 16 ]. Bagamian et al [ 18 ] used such logic to call for the broad combination of postmortem data with serological surveillance, specifically in non-savanna ecosystems, to further assess the dynamics of anthrax disease [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low antibody prevalence against Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, indicates high rate of lethal infections in wildlife

et al. 2017

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Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis (Bcbva) is a member of the B. cereus group which carries both B. anthracis virulence plasmids, causes anthrax-like disease in various wildlife species and was described in several sub-Saharan African rainforests. Long-term monitoring of carcasses in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, revealed continuous wildlife mortality due to Bcbva in a broad range of mammalian species. While non-lethal anthrax infections in wildlife have been described for B. anthracis, nothing is known about the odds of survival following an anthrax infection caused by Bcbva. To address this gap, we present the results of a serological study of anthrax in five wildlife species known to succumb to Bcbva in this ecosystem. Specific antibodies were only detected in two out of 15 wild red colobus monkeys (Procolobus badius) and one out of 10 black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus polykomos), but in none of 16 sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), 9 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and 9 Maxwell’s duikers (Cephalophus maxwellii). The combination of high mortality and low antibody detection rates indicates high virulence of this disease across these different mammalian species.

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Serological Anthrax Surveillance in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Ukraine

Cited by 15 publications

References 6 publications

A serological survey of anthrax in domestic dogs in Zimbabwe: a potential tool for anthrax surveillance

A serological survey of anthrax in domestic dogs in Zimbabwe: a potential tool for anthrax surveillance

Applying Science: Opportunities to Inform Disease Management Policy with Cooperative Research within a One Health Framework

Low antibody prevalence against Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, indicates high rate of lethal infections in wildlife

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