Serologic Survey of Orthopoxvirus Infection Among Rodents in Hungary

Oldal, Miklós; Sironen, Tarja; Henttonen, Heikki; Vapalahti, Olli; Madai, Mónika; Horváth, Gyula; Dallos, Bianka; Kutas, Anna; Földes, Fanni; Kemenesi, Gábor; Németh, Viktória; Bányai, Krisztiàn; Jakab, Ferenc

doi:10.1089/vbz.2014.1731

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In Thuringia, they were striped field mice and in Saxony-Anhalt they were bank voles. In accordance to detailed investigations on wild rodents [ 17 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 41 ], these two species are identified as putative reservoir hosts for CPXV in nature. It remains unclear why none of the trapped rodents at the other two herds (Saxony and Brandenburg) were found seropositive for CPXV-specific antibodies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Epidemiological Investigations of Four Cowpox Virus Outbreaks in Alpaca Herds, Germany

Prkno

Hoffmann

Goerigk³

et al. 2017

Viruses

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Four cowpox virus (CPXV) outbreaks occurred in unrelated alpaca herds in Eastern Germany during 2012–2017. All incidents were initially noticed due to severe, generalized, and finally lethal CPXV infections, which were confirmed by testing of tissue and serum samples. As CPXV-infection has been described in South American camelids (SACs) only three times, all four herds were investigated to gain a deeper understanding of CPXV epidemiology in alpacas. The different herds were investigated twice, and various samples (serum, swab samples, and crusts of suspicious pox lesions, feces) were taken to identify additionally infected animals. Serum was used to detect CPXV-specific antibodies by performing an indirect immunofluorescence assay (iIFA); swab samples, crusts, and feces were used for detection of CPXV-specific DNA in a real-time PCR. In total, 28 out of 107 animals could be identified as affected by CPXV, by iIFA and/or PCR. Herd seroprevalence ranged from 16.1% to 81.2%. To investigate the potential source of infection, wild small mammals were trapped around all alpaca herds. In two herds, CPXV-specific antibodies were found in the local rodent population. In the third herd, CPXV could be isolated from a common vole (Microtus arvalis) found drowned in a water bucket used to water the alpacas. Full genome sequencing and comparison with the genome of a CPXV from an alpaca from the same herd reveal 99.997% identity, providing further evidence that the common vole is a reservoir host and infection source of CPXV. Only in the remaining fourth herd, none of the trapped rodents were found to be CPXV-infected. Rodents, as ubiquitous reservoir hosts, in combination with increasingly popular alpacas, as susceptible species, suggest an enhanced risk of future zoonotic infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Epidemiological Investigations of Four Cowpox Virus Outbreaks in Alpaca Herds, Germany

Prkno

Hoffmann

Goerigk³

et al. 2017

Viruses

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“…Consequently, in order to obtain virus isolates originating from reservoir host species, common voles should be sampled in Central Europe, while bank voles/field voles and wood mice are species to be sampled in UK and Fennoscandia, respectively. Seroprevalence and molecular survey data indicate CPXV infections are also occurring in bank voles in Central Europe (Belgium [ 19 ], Hungary [ 27 ]; Kinnunen 2011; our unpuplished data). However, these studies categorized sera as “positive” if titers were 1:20 or higher and could be the result of inefficient replication without efficient transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It has been reported that wild rodents are the reservoir hosts for CPXV [ 10 , 11 , 28 ], and we recently demonstrated the susceptibility of common voles for CPXV by experimental infection [ 33 ]. However, bank voles evidently are also affected as shown by serological and molecular surveys in Eurasia [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. In addition, recent PCR investigations indicated CPXV infections in bank voles mainly of the Western lineage, but also in a single animal of the Eastern lineage ([ 21 ]; Fischer, Drewes, Ulrich et al, unpublished data).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until now, serological surveys indicating CPXV infections in wild rodents have been reported for several countries of Eurasia: The United Kingdom [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], Belgium [ 19 ], Finland [ 20 , 21 ], Norway [ 22 ], Germany [ 21 , 23 ], Turkmenia [ 24 ], Vietnam [ 25 ], Georgia [ 26 ] and Hungary [ 27 ]. Here, voles (bank vole, Myodes glareolus [ 18 , 19 , 21 , 27 ], field vole, Microtus agrestis [ 17 , 21 ]), and murine rodents such as the striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius [ 21 ], wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus [ 19 , 22 ], and Norway rat ( Rattus norvegicus [ 22 ]), tested positive for CPXV-specific antibodies. Bank voles were shown to reach maximum seroprevalence of 71% in Hungary [ 27 ], 64% in Belgium [ 19 ], and 72% in the UK [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, voles (bank vole, Myodes glareolus [ 18 , 19 , 21 , 27 ], field vole, Microtus agrestis [ 17 , 21 ]), and murine rodents such as the striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius [ 21 ], wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus [ 19 , 22 ], and Norway rat ( Rattus norvegicus [ 22 ]), tested positive for CPXV-specific antibodies. Bank voles were shown to reach maximum seroprevalence of 71% in Hungary [ 27 ], 64% in Belgium [ 19 ], and 72% in the UK [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Cowpox Virus (CPXV) Infections of Bank Voles: Exceptional Clinical Resistance and Variable Reservoir Competence

Franke

Ulrich

Weber

et al. 2017

Viruses

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Cowpox virus (CPXV) is a zoonotic virus and endemic in wild rodent populations in Eurasia. Serological surveys in Europe have reported high prevalence in different vole and mouse species. Here, we report on experimental CPXV infections of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) from different evolutionary lineages with a spectrum of CPXV strains. All bank voles, independently of lineage, sex and age, were resistant to clinical signs following CPXV inoculation, and no virus shedding was detected in nasal or buccal swabs. In-contact control animals became only rarely infected. However, depending on the CPXV strain used, inoculated animals seroconverted and viral DNA could be detected preferentially in the upper respiratory tract. The highest antibody titers and virus DNA loads in the lungs were detected after inoculation with two strains from Britain and Finland. We conclude from our experiments that the role of bank voles as an efficient and exclusive CPXV reservoir seems questionable, and that CPXV may be maintained in most regions by other hosts, including other vole species. Further investigations are needed to identify factors that allow and modulate CPXV maintenance in bank voles and other potential reservoirs, which may also influence spill-over infections to accidental hosts.

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Poxvirus Infections

Lewis-Jones¹,

Sterling²

2019

Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology

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Serologic Survey of Orthopoxvirus Infection Among Rodents in Hungary

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Epidemiological Investigations of Four Cowpox Virus Outbreaks in Alpaca Herds, Germany

Epidemiological Investigations of Four Cowpox Virus Outbreaks in Alpaca Herds, Germany

Experimental Cowpox Virus (CPXV) Infections of Bank Voles: Exceptional Clinical Resistance and Variable Reservoir Competence

Poxvirus Infections

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