Serologic Survey for Selected Infectious Disease Agents in Raccoons From Illinois

Mitchell, Mark A.; Hungerford, Laura L.; Nixon, Charles M.; Esker, Terry L.; Sullivan, Joseph B.; Koerkenmeier, Robert G.; Dubey, J. P.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-35.2.347

Cited by 71 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…The overall seroprevalence of the leptospiral infection in raccoons in this study was 46.1%, which is generally comparable to the other studies in North America such as 50% in Maryland (Alexander et al 1972), 58.8% in Georgia (Shotts et al 1975), 48% in Illinois (Mitchell et al 1999), 45% in Illinois (Hungerford et al 2000), 36% in Connecticut (Richardson & Gauthier 2003), 11% in Nebraska (Bischof & Rogers 2005), 19.1% in Washington (Davis et al 2007) and 47% in Indiana (Raizman et al 2009). However, the serological results may greatly underestimate infection with leptospiral serovars in the reservoir hosts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Serogroups Canicola, Grippotyphosa and Sejroe were found in raccoons in Indiana in the present study; serogroup Grippotyphosa was predominant. One study reported previously has also shown that the raccoons act as the natural reservoir for L. interrogans, especially serovar Grippotyphosa (Shotts et al 1975;Mitchell et al 1999). Therefore, a large sampling of raccoons in Indiana for the surveillance of leptospirosis around the residential and livestock area may reveal leptospiral serovars involved in zoonotic or public health concern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent work has also demonstrated that there is much higher raccoon populations in urban than rural area (Espinoza 2005). More than 40 years ago, raccoons were found to carry leptospires in their kidney (Schnurrenberger et al 1970), and antibodies against leptospires have been detected in the serum of raccoons in United States and Canada (Schnurrenberger et al 1970;Mikaelian et al 1997;Mitchell et al 1999;Warshawsky et al 2000;Jardine et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neglected leptospirosis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Indiana, USA

Tan

Dharmarajan

Beasley

et al. 2014

Veterinary Quarterly

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Background: Leptospirosis is a globally important zoonotic disease occurring clinically and subclinically in humans and animals. Objectives: To determine whether raccoons in Indiana carried leptospires in their kidneys. Animals and methods: Thirty-four raccoons were live-trapped from two forest patches in central Indiana. Following euthanasia, a portion of kidney (2 cm 2 ) from each raccoon was homogenized and used for leptospiral culture. Leptospiral cultures were subjected to DNA extraction and various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures reported previously. Serum sample from each raccoon was collected and antibody titers to leptospiral serovars were determined by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Results: All leptospiral cultures were positive for Leptospira by various PCR procedures. The PCR with the primers targeting the conservative region of LipL32 gene was the most sensitive PCR in the detection of pathogenic leptospires. The variable LipL32 PCR amplicons were sequenced and compared to the reference strains available in GenBank. Twelve kidney cultures had Leptospira interrogans, eight had Leptospira kirschneri and two had Leptospira borgpetersenii. They were predominantly Grippotyphosa serogroup. Antileptospire antibodies were detected in 16 out of 34 raccoons (47.1%) by MAT. There were titers ! 1:80 in 16 raccoons (47.1%) and titers ! 1:400 in 3 raccoons (8.8%). The highest leptospiral serovar-specific seroreactivity among 34 raccoons was L. interrogans Bratislava (38.2%) and L. interrogans Grippotyphosa (32.4%). Conclusions: Raccoons in Indiana carry leptospiral organisms in kidneys and the leptospires are predominantly L. interrogans species and of the Grippotyphosa serogroup. Clinical importance: The raccoons serve as reservoir hosts that exposure sources to wildlife, livestock, pets and humans.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neglected leptospirosis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Indiana, USA

Tan

Dharmarajan

Beasley

et al. 2014

Veterinary Quarterly

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“…North American raccoons (Procyon lotor) have been shown to carry leptospires in their kidneys in the United State [17] and serum antibodies against leptospires have been detected in raccoons in the United States and Canada [13,14,17,19]. It has been reported that trappers of raccoons contracted leptospirosis in Canada [19].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Characterization of Leptospira spp. from Raccoons in Japan

et al. 2009

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ABSTRACT. We investigated whether raccoons (Procyon lotor) carried leptospires in their kidneys in Japan. Leptospira was isolated from 2 of 71 raccoons captured in Kanagawa Prefecture and 1 of 53 raccoons at a zoological park in Nagasaki Prefecture. Anti-Leptospira antibodies were detected in 16 of 124 raccoons (12.9%) in Kanagawa and 33 of 53 raccoons (62.3%) in Nagasaki, respectively. The partial nucleotide sequences of their flaB genes suggested that the isolates belonged to L. interrogans. The serovars of the isolates were identified as Copenhageni/Icterohaemorrhagiae (1 strain in Kanagawa) and Hebdomadis (1 strain both in Kanagawa and Nagasaki) by reactivity with the reference antisera and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and cross-agglutination-absorption test, respectively. RFLP analysis on the serovars Hebdomadis strains revealed genetic diversity among serovar Hebdomadis. Although it is unclear if the raccoons carried leptospires in their kidneys at the time imported, there is no doubt that imported animals are a new reservoir animal of leptospires in Japan.

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“…The analysis of data in the cross-sectional studies was almost always performed on the basis of exposure rather (Mitchell et al, 1999).…”

Section: Cross-sectional Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animals as Sentinels of Human Environmental Health Hazards: An Evidence-Based Analysis

et al. 2005

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Despite recognition that animals could be serving as ''sentinels'' for environmental risks to human health, there are no evidence-based guidelines for the use of animal sentinel data in human health decision making. We performed a systematic review of the animal sentinel literature to assess the evidence linking such events to human health. A search of MEDLINE identified peer-reviewed original studies of animals as sentinels for either chemical or biological environmental hazards. A limited search of the CAB and AG-RICOLA databases was also performed. We classified a random sample of 100 studies from the MED-LINE search according to species, hazard, and health outcome examined; study methods; and linkages to human health. Animal sentinel studies were difficult to locate in MEDLINE because of a lack of adequate key words for this concept. We found significant limitations in the study methods used to investigate animal sentinel events. Clear linkages to human health were frequently absent. Studies of sentinel events in animal populations hold potential for the recognition and control of human environmental health hazards, yet a number of barriers exist to using such data for evidence-based human health decisions. There is a need for greater data sharing and cooperative research between human and animal health professionals regarding environmental hazards and health outcomes in animal and human populations.

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Serologic Survey for Selected Infectious Disease Agents in Raccoons From Illinois

Cited by 71 publications

References 18 publications

Neglected leptospirosis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Indiana, USA

Neglected leptospirosis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Indiana, USA

Isolation and Characterization of Leptospira spp. from Raccoons in Japan

Animals as Sentinels of Human Environmental Health Hazards: An Evidence-Based Analysis

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