Serologic Responses of West Nile Virus Seronegative Mature Horses to West Nile Virus Vaccines

Cortese, Victor S.; Hankins, Kevin; Holland, Rob; Syvrud, Kevin

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2013.04.010

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…These variations were suspected from antigen load and adjuvant formulation [ 80 ]. In addition, when a same valence (WNV) was injected separately as monovalent or as a combination in multivalent vaccine, the humoral response towards WNV was higher than when administered separately as monovalent, despite the same antigen mass in a multivalent product [ 81 ].…”

Section: Other Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equids’ Core Vaccines Guidelines in North America: Considerations and Prospective

Desanti-Consoli¹,

Bouillon

Chapuis

2022

Vaccines

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Vaccination against infectious diseases is a cornerstone of veterinary medicine in the prevention of disease transmission, illness severity, and often death in animals. In North American equine medicine, equine vaccines protecting against tetanus, rabies, Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis, and West Nile are core vaccines as these have been classified as having a heightened risk of mortality, infectiousness, and endemic status. Some guidelines differ from the label of vaccines, to improve the protection of patients or to decrease the unnecessary administration to reduce potential side effects. In North America, resources for the equine practitioners are available on the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) website. Conversely, in small companion animals, peer review materials are regularly published in open access journals to guide the vaccination of dogs and cats. The aims of this review are to present how the vaccine guidelines have been established for small companion animals and horses in North America, to review the equine literature to solidify or contrast the current AAEP guidelines of core vaccines, and to suggest future research directions in the equine vaccine field considering small companion animal strategies and the current available resources in equine literature.

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Section: Other Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equids’ Core Vaccines Guidelines in North America: Considerations and Prospective

Desanti-Consoli¹,

Bouillon

Chapuis

2022

Vaccines

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“…Multivalent vaccines should ideally generate a protective immune response to each of their constituents that is equivalent to that achieved when they are administered as monovalent vaccines. Unfortunately, there are situations where combining antigens in a vaccine formulation results in reduced immunogenicity and/or protection from disease [24][25][26][27][28]. There are several potential causes for reduced immunogenicity of multivalent vaccines, which include: physical or chemical interactions including incompatibility of antigens or interference of additives (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity of Potomac horse fever vaccine when simultaneously co‐administered with rabies vaccine in a multivalent vaccine or as two monovalent vaccines at separate sites

McKenzie

Funk

Trager

et al. 2019

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryBackgroundPotomac horse fever (PHF) is a potentially fatal enterocolitis of horses caused by Neorickettsia risticii. The disease was originally recognised almost 40 years ago in the state of Maryland in the US. It is now known to occur in many areas of North America, as well as having been described in South America and Europe. Monocomponent PHF vaccines are available, but clinical protection with vaccination has been reported to be inconsistent.ObjectivesThis study was designed to assess the immunogenicity of a commercially available Potomac Horse Fever (PHF) vaccine when administered as either a monovalent PHF vaccine simultaneously co‐administered with a separate monovalent Rabies vaccine or as a multivalent PHF/Rabies vaccine in horses.Study designRandomised parallel group trial.MethodsNinety‐one client or University owned horses participated in this open‐label randomised study, with 45 horses receiving the monovalent vaccines at separate sites and 46 receiving the multivalent vaccine at a single site. Serum PHF IFA titres were determined twice prior to vaccination and at 1, 2 and 3 months after vaccination.ResultsBoth vaccination protocols exhibited poor immunogenicity, with only one‐third of all the animals demonstrating seroconversion, defined as an increase in titre of greater than 400 over baseline, at any time point after vaccination. The monovalent PHF vaccine exhibited significantly greater immunogenicity in terms of the number of horses exhibiting seroconversion, as compared to the multivalent vaccine, at one (20 vs. 11, P = 0.03) and two (18 vs. 9, p = 0.02) months post vaccination. The monovalent PHF vaccine also exhibited significantly greater immunogenicity in terms of the median (interquartile range) IFA titres, as compared to the multivalent vaccine, at one (800 [200–1600] vs. 400 [200–800], P = 0.009) and 2 months (400 [200–1600] vs. 400 [100–800], P = 0.02) post vaccination. There was no significant difference between groups at 3 months in either seroconversion rate or median IFA titers.Main limitationsThis study did not assess the actual protective effects of PHF vaccination but rather used the serologic response to vaccination as a surrogate biomarker of immunity.ConclusionsThe multivalent PHF/Rabies vaccine exhibited lower immunogenicity as compared to the monovalent PHF vaccine co‐administered with a separate Rabies vaccine.

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“…Disease in horses decreased after licensing a formalin-inactivated virus vaccine [10] and a canarypox chimeric vaccine [11] in the early 2000s. Several formalin-inactivated veterinary vaccines are currently being used to immunize horses [12,13]. WNV is one of the best examples of how an emergent flavivirus can quickly establish itself in previously unaffected areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Disease in horses decreased after licensing a formalininactivated virus vaccine [10] and a canarypox chimeric vaccine [11] in the early 2000s. Several formalin-inactivated veterinary vaccines are currently being used to immunize horses [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chimeric Vaccines Based on Novel Insect-Specific Flaviviruses

et al. 2021

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Vector-borne flaviviruses are responsible for nearly half a billion human infections worldwide each year, resulting in millions of cases of debilitating and severe diseases and approximately 115,000 deaths. While approved vaccines are available for some of these viruses, the ongoing efficacy, safety and supply of these vaccines are still a significant problem. New technologies that address these issues and ideally allow for the safe and economical manufacture of vaccines in resource-poor countries where flavivirus vaccines are in most demand are urgently required. Preferably a new vaccine platform would be broadly applicable to all flavivirus diseases and provide new candidate vaccines for those diseases not yet covered, as well as the flexibility to rapidly pivot to respond to newly emerged flavivirus diseases. Here, we review studies conducted on novel chimeric vaccines derived from insect-specific flaviviruses that provide a potentially safe and simple system to produce highly effective vaccines against a broad spectrum of flavivirus diseases.

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Serologic Responses of West Nile Virus Seronegative Mature Horses to West Nile Virus Vaccines

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Equids’ Core Vaccines Guidelines in North America: Considerations and Prospective

Equids’ Core Vaccines Guidelines in North America: Considerations and Prospective

Immunogenicity of Potomac horse fever vaccine when simultaneously co‐administered with rabies vaccine in a multivalent vaccine or as two monovalent vaccines at separate sites

Chimeric Vaccines Based on Novel Insect-Specific Flaviviruses

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