Serologic Evidence of Influenza A (H14) Virus Introduction into North America

Latorre‐Margalef, Neus; Ramey, Andrew M.; Fojtik, Alinde; Stallknecht, David E.

doi:10.3201/eid2112.150413

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…H14 is a subtype of Eurasian origin and was detected in the Western Hemisphere only within the last decade and only at a low prevalence (32–34). During the 2012-2013 season, we detected the largest number of H14 subtype viruses ever reported in dabbling ducks (the same number of virus sequences available globally for this subtype by 2013, n = 14), specifically in blue-winged teals (24).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A virus from the same lineage was detected in Louisiana in 2013 (48). Comparably, the H14 subtype has been only sporadically found in North America, with low seroprevalence (34). Given the lack of evidence for the sustained circulation of these unusual viruses in North America, we speculate that these rare subtypes have been introduced to Guatemala from an unknown source.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence of Intercontinental Spread and Uncommon Variants of Low-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in Ducks Overwintering in Guatemala

Gonzalez‐Reiche

Nelson

Angel

et al. 2017

mSphere

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Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic H7N3, H5Nx, and H7N8 avian influenza viruses in North America were introduced by migratory birds, underscoring the importance of understanding how wild birds contribute to the dissemination and evolution of IAVs in nature. At least four of the main IAV duck host species in North America migrate through or overwinter within a narrow strip of Central America, providing opportunities for diverse IAV lineages to mix and exchange gene segments. By obtaining whole-genome sequences of 68 IAV isolates collected from migratory waterfowl in Guatemala (2010 to 2013), the largest data set available from Central America to date, we detected extensive viral diversity, including gene variants rarely found in North America and gene segments of Eurasian origin. Our findings highlight the need for increased IAV surveillance across the geographical span of bird migration flyways, including Neotropical regions that have been vastly undersampled to date.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Intercontinental Spread and Uncommon Variants of Low-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in Ducks Overwintering in Guatemala

Gonzalez‐Reiche

Nelson

Angel

et al. 2017

mSphere

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“…The H14 subtype has been isolated a few times, mainly from blue-winged teals (Anas discors) in South America but only once from wild birds in Eurasia (37-40), which may have been mingling with the unsampled, unidentified reservoir host. H14 IAV may not recently have been successful in circulating in Eurasia due to competition among HA subtypes with respect to replication efficiency, transmission efficiency (including environmental survival), immunogenicity (affecting reinfection of the same host) (41), evasion of the host immune system (42,43) (in particular with common subtypes H3 and H4 belonging to the same clade [41,44]), and genetic reassortment with, e.g., different NA subtypes and internal genes affecting replication and transmission. Alternatively, H14 IAV may circulate in Eurasia but remain undetected because the reservoir hosts are not included in surveillance programs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Range of Influenza A Virus H1 to H16 in Eurasian Ducks Based on Tissue and Receptor Binding Studies

Verhagen

Eriksson

Leijten

et al. 2021

J Virol

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Dabbling and diving ducks partly occupy shared habitats, but have been reported to play different roles in wildlife infectious disease dynamics. Influenza A virus (IAV) epidemiology in wild birds has primarily been based on surveillance programs focused on dabbling duck species, particularly mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Surveillance in Eurasia has shown that in mallards some subtypes are commonly (H1–H7, and H10), intermediately (H8, H9, H11, and H12), or rarely detected (H13–H16), contributing to discussions on virus host range and reservoir competence. An alternative to surveillance in determining IAV host range is to study virus attachment as a determinant for infection. Here we investigated the attachment patterns of all avian IAV subtypes (H1–H16) to the respiratory and intestinal tracts of four dabbling (Mareca and Anas spp.), two diving duck species (Aythya spp.) and chicken, as well as to a panel of 65 synthetic glycan structures. We found that IAV subtypes generally showed abundant attachment to colon of the Anas duck species, mallard and Eurasian teal (Anas crecca), supporting the fecal–oral transmission route in these species. The reported glycan attachment profile did not explain the virus attachment patterns to tissues, however showed significant attachment of duck-originated viruses to fucosylated glycan structures and H7 virus tropism for Neu5Gc-LN. Our results suggest Anas ducks to play an important role in the ecology and epidemiology of IAV. Further knowledge on virus tissue attachment, receptor distribution and receptor binding specificity is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying host range and epidemiology of IAV. Importance Influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild birds worldwide. From wild birds the viruses can cause outbreaks in poultry, and sporadically and indirectly infect humans. A high IAV diversity has been found in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)—that are most often sampled as part of surveillance programs—meanwhile little is known about the role of other duck species in IAV ecology and epidemiology. In this study, we investigated the attachment of all avian IAV HA subtypes (H1–H16) to tissues of six different duck species and chicken as an indicator of virus host range. We demonstrated that the observed virus attachment patterns partially explained reported field prevalence. This study demonstrates that dabbling ducks of the Anas genus are potential hosts for most IAV subtypes, including those infecting poultry. This knowledge is useful to target the sampling of wild birds in nature, and to further study the interaction between IAVs and birds.

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“…Specific antibodies against the different HA subtypes used in the trial were detected using a virus microneutralization (MN) assay in Madin Darby Canine Kidney cells (MDCK; ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) as described previously [ 61 ]. Sera were additionally tested using the same viruses used for inoculation in the challenge and with prototype strains for H1-H12 and H14-H15 [ 69 ] ( S1 Appendix ) to detect cross-reactivity. These antigens also were prepared in MDCK and tests were run using an antigen concentration of 100 TCID 50 /25 μl.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Competition between influenza A virus subtypes through heterosubtypic immunity modulates re-infection and antibody dynamics in the mallard duck

et al. 2017

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Our overall hypothesis is that host population immunity directed at multiple antigens will influence the prevalence, diversity and evolution of influenza A virus (IAV) in avian populations where the vast subtype diversity is maintained. To investigate how initial infection influences the outcome of later infections with homologous or heterologous IAV subtypes and how viruses interact through host immune responses, we carried out experimental infections in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Mallards were pre-challenged with an H3N8 low-pathogenic IAV and were divided into six groups. At five weeks post H3N8 inoculation, each group was challenged with a different IAV subtype (H4N5, H10N7, H6N2, H12N5) or the same H3N8. Two additional pre-challenged groups were inoculated with the homologous H3N8 virus at weeks 11 and 15 after pre-challenge to evaluate the duration of protection. The results showed that mallards were still resistant to re-infection after 15 weeks. There was a significant reduction in shedding for all pre-challenged groups compared to controls and the outcome of the heterologous challenges varied according to hemagglutinin (HA) phylogenetic relatedness between the viruses used. There was a boost in the H3 antibody titer after re-infection with H4N5, which is consistent with original antigenic sin or antigenic seniority and suggest a putative strategy of virus evasion. These results imply competition between related subtypes that could regulate IAV subtype population dynamics in nature. Collectively, we provide new insights into within-host IAV complex interactions as drivers of IAV antigenic diversity that could allow the circulation of multiple subtypes in wild ducks.

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Serologic Evidence of Influenza A (H14) Virus Introduction into North America

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Evidence of Intercontinental Spread and Uncommon Variants of Low-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in Ducks Overwintering in Guatemala

Evidence of Intercontinental Spread and Uncommon Variants of Low-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in Ducks Overwintering in Guatemala

Host Range of Influenza A Virus H1 to H16 in Eurasian Ducks Based on Tissue and Receptor Binding Studies

Competition between influenza A virus subtypes through heterosubtypic immunity modulates re-infection and antibody dynamics in the mallard duck

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