Seroepidemiology of Selected Arboviruses in Febrile Patients Visiting Selected Health Facilities in the Lake/River Basin Areas of Lake Baringo, Lake Naivasha, and Tana River, Kenya

Tigoi, Caroline; Lwande, Olivia Wesula; Orindi, Benedict; Irura, Zephania; Ongus, Juliette R.; Sang, Rosemary

doi:10.1089/vbz.2014.1686

Cited by 42 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…We showed that the RVFV IgG prevalence for all three counties investigated was 36.4%. This is in the higher range compared to previous studies from Northeastern Kenya [43][44][45], and 15-25% in 2009-2012 [1,23,46,47]. Our findings showed males were at a significantly higher risk of infection by RVFV than females, and increased age was associated with higher RVF IgG prevalence.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

High risk for human exposure to Rift Valley fever virus in communities living along livestock movement routes: A cross-sectional survey in Kenya

et al. 2020

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IntroductionMultiple outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) with devastating effects have occurred in East Africa. These outbreaks cause disease in both livestock and humans and affect poor households most severely. Communities living in areas practicing nomadic livestock movement may be at higher risk of infection. This study sought to i) determine the human exposure to Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in populations living within nomadic animal movement routes in Kenya; and ii) identify risk factors for RVFV infection in these communities. MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. Samples were collected from the year 2014 to 2015 in a community-based sampling exercise involving healthy individuals aged �18 years from Isiolo, Tana River, and Garissa counties. In total, 1210 samples were screened by ELISA for the presence of immunoglobulin IgM and IgG antibodies against RVFV. Positive results were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test. ResultsOverall, IgM and IgG prevalence for all sites combined was 1.4% (95% CI 0.8-2.3%) and 36.4% (95% CI 33.8-39.2%), respectively. Isiolo County recorded a non-significant higher IgG prevalence of 38.8% than Garissa 35.9% and Tana River 32.2% (Chi square = 2.5, df = 2, p = 0.287). Males were significantly at higher risk of infection by RVFV than females (OR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.17-2.39, p<0.005). Age was significantly associated with RVFV infection (Wald Chi = 94.2, df = 5, p<0.0001). Individuals who had regular contact with cattle (OR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.01-1.89) and donkeys (OR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.14-1.67), or contact with PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.The grants were awarded to M. Evander, R. Sang and C. Ahlm. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and animals through birthing (OR = 1.69, 95%CI 1.14-2.51) were significantly at a greater risk of RVFV infection than those who did not. ConclusionThis study demonstrated that although the Isiolo County has been classified as being at medium risk for RVF, virus infection appeared to be as prevalent in humans as in Tana River and Garissa, which have been classified as being at high risk. Populations in these counties live within nomadic livestock movement routes and therefore at risk of being exposed to the RVFV. Interventions to control RVFV infections therefore, should target communities living along livestock movement pathways. Author summaryRift Valley fever (RVF) is a neglected mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that causes major outbreaks and economic harm to human and ruminants health leading to increased poverty within affected communities. RVF is caused by RVF virus (RVFV) affecting humans and a wide range of ruminants. The virus is transmitted through bites from mosquitoes and exposure to blood, body fluids, or tissues of infected ruminants. It was first isolated in Kenya in 1930 and several outbreaks have been recorded in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. We studied pastoralist communities living along livestock migratory routes. Migratory livestock do move long distan...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

High risk for human exposure to Rift Valley fever virus in communities living along livestock movement routes: A cross-sectional survey in Kenya

et al. 2020

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“…The predictive maps of the current study indicate that the lowland zone is the most suitable habitat for RVF vectors confirming the findings by other studies that showed this region as the epicentre of RVF outbreaks (9, 32) and as being endemic due to the persistence of low level circulation of the virus during inter-epidemic periods (33). The results also indicated that climate change can affect the spatial extent of the vector ranges.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Ecological niche modelling of Rift Valley fever virus vectors in Baringo, Kenya

Ochieng

Nanyingi

Kipruto

et al. 2016

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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BackgroundRift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that has an impact on human health and animal productivity. Here, we explore the use of vector presence modelling to predict the distribution of RVF vector species under climate change scenario to demonstrate the potential for geographic spread of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV).ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of climate change on RVF vector distribution in Baringo County, Kenya, with an aim of developing a risk map for spatial prediction of RVF outbreaks.MethodologyThe study used data on vector presence and ecological niche modelling (MaxEnt) algorithm to predict the effect of climatic change on habitat suitability and the spatial distribution of RVF vectors in Baringo County. Data on species occurrence were obtained from longitudinal sampling of adult mosquitoes and larvae in the study area. We used present (2000) and future (2050) Bioclim climate databases to model the vector distribution.ResultsModel results predicted potential suitable areas with high success rates for Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex univitattus, Mansonia africana, and Mansonia uniformis. Under the present climatic conditions, the lowlands were found to be highly suitable for all the species. Future climatic conditions indicate an increase in the spatial distribution of Cx. quinquefasciatus and M. africana. Model performance was statistically significant.ConclusionSoil types, precipitation in the driest quarter, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality showed the highest predictive potential for the four species.

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“…partial closed or open septic tanks, drainages, abandoned/unused swimming pools and drainage chambers (32,87,88). Flavivirus genus of arboviruses was isolated from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes further supporting that these mosquitoes are vectors of an array of arboviruses and is consistence with other studies (3,80).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes have been shown to breed/oviposit in water with high organic content mostly in rice paddies, canals, swimming pools, chambers, drainage, rain pools, ditches, rock pools, septic tanks, tree holes and run off from agricultural treatment plants (29,30,31,32).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban ecology of arboviral mosquito vectors along the Kenyan coast

Karisa

Muriu

Omuoyo

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background:The emergence and re-emergence of arboviral infections particularly Chikungunya, dengue hemorrhagic fever, rift valley fever, and yellow fever in humans around the world threatens global health and security. The purpose of this study was to determine the urban ecology of the common arboviral mosquito vectors in urban Coastal Kenya areas. Materials and Methods:The current study was conducted in urban settings of Kilifi and Mombasa counties in coastal Kenya in 2016 to 2017. Adult mosquitoes were collected both indoors and outdoors by CDC light traps and BG-Sentinel traps respectively. All blood fed mosquitoes were tested for blood meal sources by an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Mosquito larvae were collected using standard dippers and pipettes. Egg survivorship in dry soil was evaluated by collecting of soil samples from dry potential breeding habitats, watering them for hatching and rearing of the eventual larvae to adults. Mosquitoes were screened for Flavivirus, Alphavirus, and Phlebovirus arboviruses using Reverse Transcriptase quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT qPCR).Results: A total of 3,264 adult mosquitoes belonging to ten species of Culex, Aedes and Anopheles were collected. Overall, the predominant species were Cx. quinquefasciatus 72.4% (n=2,364) andAe. aegypti, 25.7%, (n=838). A total of 415 breeding habitat types were identified indoors (n=317) and outdoors (n=98). The most productive habitat types in both indoors and outdoors were: assorted small containers, water tanks, drainages, drums and jericans. Overall, 62% (n=18) of the soil samples collected from the two sites (Kilifi and Malindi) were positive for larvae which were used as proxy to measure the presence of eggs. The mosquitoes had high preference for human blood (29.81%) and chicken (3.73%) but none had fed on either goat or bovine. Of 259 mosquitoes tested for viral infection, 11.6% were positive for flavivirus only.Conclusion: Domestic and peri-domestic containers were identified to be the key breeding areas of arboviral vectors. Therefore, efforts should be put in place targeting the productive habitat types.

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Seroepidemiology of Selected Arboviruses in Febrile Patients Visiting Selected Health Facilities in the Lake/River Basin Areas of Lake Baringo, Lake Naivasha, and Tana River, Kenya

Cited by 42 publications

References 26 publications

High risk for human exposure to Rift Valley fever virus in communities living along livestock movement routes: A cross-sectional survey in Kenya

High risk for human exposure to Rift Valley fever virus in communities living along livestock movement routes: A cross-sectional survey in Kenya

Ecological niche modelling of Rift Valley fever virus vectors in Baringo, Kenya

Urban ecology of arboviral mosquito vectors along the Kenyan coast

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