Seroepidemiology of rickettsial infections in Northeast India

Khan, Siraj Ahmed; Bora, Trishna; Chattopadhyay, Suchismita; Jiang, Ju; Richards, Allen L.; Dutta, Prafulla

doi:10.1093/trstmh/trw052

Cited by 43 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…The study findings are comparable to those of studies from the north-east region of India, Bangladesh, and Kenya (Khan et al, 2016;Faruque et al, 2017;Thiga et al, 2015). Among the SFG rickettsiae, Indian tick typhus caused by R. conorii is one of the most common rickettsial infections reported from India (Khan et al, 2016;Anon, 2009). The geographical setting, warm climate, and presence of pet and stray dogs living in close vicinity to humans (which act as reservoirs for Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks), favour the infection in Gorakhpur.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…This report represents the first serological evidence for SFG and TG rickettsioses among individuals with a febrile illness in Gorakhpur, one of the regions worst affected by AES in India. Variable seroprevalence rates for SFG and TG rickettsioses have been reported worldwide, which could be attributed to geographical differences and the diagnostic techniques employed (Khan et al, 2016;Bolaños-Rivero et al, 2011;Daniel et al, 2002;Faruque et al, 2017;Thiga et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gorakhpur and the adjoining districts of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, have been witnessing annual seasonal acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) outbreaks with high mortality, and scrub typhus has been identified as one of the predominant aetiologies (Mittal et al, 2017;Mittal et al, 2018). Among the other rickettsial infections, spotted fever group (SFG) and typhus group (TG) rickettsiae have been reported from various parts of the country (Khan et al, 2016;Kumar et al, 2011;Mahajan et al, 2007). Both are reported aetiologies of acute febrile illness (AFI) and if left untreated may develop severe consequences with multi-organ involvement, including neurological complications (Anon, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence of spotted fever group and typhus group rickettsiae in individuals with acute febrile illness from Gorakhpur, India

Mane

Kamble

Singh

et al. 2019

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Background: The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of spotted fever group (SFG) and typhus group (TG) rickettsiae among individuals with acute febrile illness (AFI) in the scrub typhus endemic district of Gorakhpur in India. This district is one of the worst affected by annual seasonal acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) outbreaks. Methods: Antibodies against SFG and TG rickettsiae and the associated risk factors were determined in 294 individuals presenting with an AFI, encountered during a community-based survey conducted during the AES outbreak period October-November 2016. Results: Respective IgM and IgG seropositivity was 13.6% and 36.7% for SFG, and 7.1% and 15.3% for TG. SFG IgM positivity was significantly higher among females, while IgG positivity was significantly higher among individuals 45 years of age. IgM and IgG seropositivity for TG rickettsiae were significantly higher in individuals involved in outdoor activities and housewives, but did not differ according to age group, sex, or educational status. Conclusion: The study results present serological evidence of SFG and TG rickettsiosis, in addition to scrub typhus, among individuals with AFI in Gorakhpur region and indicate the need to explore their roles as potential causes of AES in the region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence of spotted fever group and typhus group rickettsiae in individuals with acute febrile illness from Gorakhpur, India

Mane

Kamble

Singh

et al. 2019

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…-y control. 139,140 Given reported high rates of geophagy for soil ooring, it should be unsurprising that the upgrade of concrete ooring alone reduced diarrheal disease incidence by 13% during the Piso Firme Program in Mexico. 121,141 Hand hygiene is also important for control of bacterial pathogens due to its reduction of both direct hand-to-hand contact transmission andperhaps more importantlyphysical transfer of bacteria to reservoirs where growth is possible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental transmission of diarrheal pathogens in low and middle income countries

Julian

2016

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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Every year, more than half a million children die due to diarrheal diseases. Recent studies have identified the most important etiologies of diarrheal disease are enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic E. coli, Shigella spp., rotavirus, norovirus and Cryptosporidium spp. These etiologies are unsurprisingly characterized by a combination of high shedding, high infectivity, and transmissibility through multiple environmental reservoirs. The relative importance of the transmission routes is likely site-specific. So the impact of interventions, which typically target only one or two environmental reservoirs, is likely also site-specific. The factors influencing the transmission routes most important for diarrheal disease are complex, including - at a minimum - etiology of endemic disease; and water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure and practices. The site-specific nature - and complexity of transmission - helps explain the observed variation in impacts of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions. It may also render efforts to estimate or quantify global means for interventions' impacts irrelevant. The theme of this Perspective is that greater reductions in diarrheal disease transmission in LMICs can be achieved by designing interventions to interrupt the most important environmental transmission pathways. Intervention choice should be informed by site-specific conditions, most notably: diarrheal etiology and existing water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure and practices. The theme is discussed through the lens of the characteristics of the most important diarrheal diseases (shedding, infectivity, growth, and persistence) and the general characteristics of environmental reservoirs (exposure pathways and fecal contamination). The discussion highlights when interventions - and combinations of interventions - will be most effective at reducing diarrheal disease burden.

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“…3 Scrub typhus (ST) is being increasingly reported from all over India with a prevalence of over 30-40% of all acute febrile illness (AFI) cases needing admission to hospitals. 4,5 Differentiating scrub typhus from other endemic causes of AFI based on clinical features alone is a daunting task for the clinician. Though the presence of an eschar at the mite inoculation site is a valuable diagnostic clue, it is not always seen in all patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of two immunoassays for detection of IgM antibodies to scrub typhus using a serum panel

Elangovan

Perumalla

Rose

et al. 2019

Preprint

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IntroductionScrub typhus is a vector borne zoonotic disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, endemic to tsutsugamushi triangle. As the characteristic eschar is not always present, laboratory testing especially serological assay are the main stay of diagnosis. Materials and methodsA total of 346 well-characterized sera from normals and patients with scrub typhus, malaria, dengue, enteric fever and gram negative septicaemia were tested for IgM antibodies by ST IgM ELISA and ST Ig M ICT ResultsThe sensitivity and specificity of Scrub typhus IgM ICT and ELISA were 98.7, 96.3 and 97.4, 99.3 respectively. The IgM ICT and ELISA had a excellent concordance (99%) and a very high negative predictive value. ConclusionThe findings from this study suggest that IgM ICT and IgM ELISA can be used interchangeably for serodiagnosis of scrub typhus in resource poor settings. Abbrevations-STIgM ELISA-Scrub typhus Detect IgM ELISA ST IgM ICT-Scrub Typhus Detect IgM rapid test (Immunochromotography test)

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Seroepidemiology of rickettsial infections in Northeast India

Abstract: Our findings confirm wide circulation of rickettsial infections and their probable vectors in the northeast region of India.Accession numbers: KU163367, KU163368, KU499847, KU499848.

Cited by 43 publications

References 20 publications

Seroprevalence of spotted fever group and typhus group rickettsiae in individuals with acute febrile illness from Gorakhpur, India

Seroprevalence of spotted fever group and typhus group rickettsiae in individuals with acute febrile illness from Gorakhpur, India

Environmental transmission of diarrheal pathogens in low and middle income countries

Assessment of two immunoassays for detection of IgM antibodies to scrub typhus using a serum panel

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