Seroepidemiologic Evidence for Murine and Scrub Typhus in Malang, Indonesia

Richards, Allen L.; Soeatmadji, Djoko Wahono; Widodo, M A; Sardjono, Teguh Wahju; Yanuwiadi, B; Hernowati, T E; Baskoro, Ari; Roebiyoso,; Hakim, Lukman; Soendoro, M; Rahardjo, Eko; Putri, Maidy P.; Saragih, John Master; Strickman, Daniel; Kelly, Daryl J.; Dasch, Gregory A.; Olson, James G.; Church, Cole J.; Corwin, Andrew L.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1997.57.91

Cited by 57 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…Our results confirm R. typhi in a known flea vector of murine typhus in a highly disease-endemic region of East Java, Indonesia (11,13). R. felis has been shown to infect fleas of peridomestic rodents (7,8) and fleas other than C. felis (1,5,14).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Samples of X. cheopis were collected from 39 live-captured, peridomestic rodents and shrews from 3 localities in Malang, East Java, Indonesia, during an epidemiologic study conducted in 1994 (11). In this study the fleas were reidentified by using morphologic criteria, stored in fresh 70% ethanol, and subsequently evaluated for the presence of rickettsial DNA.…”

Section: The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The master mixes were prepared for the 17-kDa Rickettsia-, R. typhi-and R. felis-specific qPCR assays in a separate, clean (DNA-free) room as previously described (6,12). The primer and probe sequences for the 17-kDa Rickettsia-specific and R. felis-specific assays have been reported (6,11). The R. typhi forward (Rt557F: 5′-TGG TAT TAC TGC TCA ACA AGC T-3′) and reverse (Rt678R: 5′-CAG TAA AGT CTA TTG ATC CTA CAC C-3′) primers and probe (Rt640BP: 5′-TET-CGC GAT CGT TAA TAG CAG CAC CAG CAT TAT CGC G-DABCYL-3′) sequences are listed here.…”

Section: The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rickettsia felis inXenopsylla cheopis, Java, Indonesia

Jiang¹,

Soeatmadji²,

Henry³

et al. 2006

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Rickettsia typhi and R. felis, etiologic agents of murine typhus and fleaborne spotted fever, respectively, were detected in Oriental rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) collected from rodents and shrews in Java, Indonesia. We describe the first evidence of R. felis in Indonesia and naturally occurring R. felis in Oriental rat fleas.M urine typhus (endemic typhus, fleaborne typhus), caused by Rickettsia typhi, is transmitted to humans by infected fleas and is relatively common wherever susceptible rodent hosts reside (1). Fleaborne spotted fever (cat flea typhus), caused by Rickettsia felis, is another zoonotic disease carried by fleas and appears to have an equally wide, cosmopolitan distribution; human infections with R. felis have a clinical syndrome similar to that of murine typhus (1-4). The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, has been identified as the primary arthropod vector of R. felis in North and South America (United States, Mexico, Peru, Brazil), Europe (Spain, France, United Kingdom, Cyprus), Africa (Gabon, Ethiopia), Asia (Thailand, Afghanistan, Israel), Australia, and New Zealand (1,5-10). We describe the first evidence of R. felis in Indonesia and apparent natural infections of R. felis in the Oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, implicating this flea species for the first time as a potential vector for fleaborne spotted fever. The StudySamples of X. cheopis were collected from 39 live-captured, peridomestic rodents and shrews from 3 localities in Malang, East Java, Indonesia, during an epidemiologic study conducted in 1994 (11). In this study the fleas were reidentified by using morphologic criteria, stored in fresh 70% ethanol, and subsequently evaluated for the presence of rickettsial DNA. DNA sample preparations were derived from triturates of 103 individual fleas in 100 µL PrepManUltra sample preparation reagent (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). DNA preparations of 1 to 5 fleas collected from the same rodent were pooled for testing. Reaction mixtures for the quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays had a total volume of 25 µL and contained 3 µL DNA template. The master mixes were prepared for the 17-kDa Rickettsia-, R. typhi-and R. felis-specific qPCR assays in a separate, clean (DNA-free) room as previously described (6,12). The primer and probe sequences for the 17-kDa Rickettsia-specific and R. felis-specific assays have been reported (6,11). The R. typhi forward (Rt557F: 5′-TGG TAT TAC TGC TCA ACA AGC T-3′) and reverse (Rt678R: 5′-CAG TAA AGT CTA TTG ATC CTA CAC C-3′) primers and probe (Rt640BP: 5′-TET-CGC GAT CGT TAA TAG CAG CAC CAG CAT TAT CGC G-DABCYL-3′) sequences are listed here. Included in each run were 3 negative controls (GIBCO Ultrapure DNA-free distilled water, Invitrogen Corporation, Grand Island, NY, USA), 1 produced in the clean room and 2 in a biosafety cabinet in another laboratory where DNA templates were added. A TOPO TA plasmid (Invitrogen Corporation) that contained the target sequence at 10 3 copies for each assay was used as a positive control. qPCR reactions w...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rickettsia felis inXenopsylla cheopis, Java, Indonesia

Jiang¹,

Soeatmadji²,

Henry³

et al. 2006

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…tsutsugamushi antibodies as an indicator of infection. The presence of antibodies and infection is contrary to a study in Malang, Indonesia where typhus rickettsial DNA was detected only in vectors from seronegative small mammals but not from seropositive animals, 37 but is consistent with findings with laboratory murine studies in which isolation of O. tsutsugamushi occurred persistently in antibody positive animals 38 and a human case where Rickettsia honei DNA was detected in a patient with high titer of antibodies to spotted fever group rickettsiae. 39 Moreover, the titer level of antibody against O. tsutsugamushi within reservoir hosts did not have any effect on the successful isolation of the pathogen ( Table 3 ).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 55%

Isolation and Characterization of Orientia tsutsugamushi from Rodents Captured following a Scrub Typhus Outbreak at a Military Training Base, Bothong District, Chonburi Province, Central Thailand

Rodkvamtook

Ruang-areerate²,

Gaywee³

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Orientia tsutsugamushi , an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of scrub typhus, a vector-borne disease transmitted by infected chiggers (trombiculid mite larvae). In 2002, an outbreak of scrub typhus occurred among Royal Thai Army troops during the annual field training at a military base in Bothong district, Chonburi province, central Thailand. This report describes the outbreak investigation including its transmission cycle. Results showed that 33.9% of 174 trained troops had scrub typhus-like signs and symptoms and 9.8% of those were positive for O. tsutsugamushi -specific antibodies by indirect fluorescence antibody assay. One hundred thirty-five rodents were captured from this training area, 43% of them had antibodies against O. tsutsugamushi . Six new O. tsutsugamushi isolates were obtained from captured rodent tissues and successfully established in cell culture. Phylogenetic studies showed that these six isolates were either unique or related to a native genotype of previously described isolates from Thailand.

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“…The accidental or intentional introduction of flea-borne diseases poses serious public health risks, especially during military training exercises, natural disasters, or military operations where reservoir hosts (e.g., rodents and insectivores) and associated ectoparasites occur in high densities or hosts are displaced leaving ectoparasites behind (Richards et al, 1997;Eisen et al, 2007). In the Republic of Korea (ROK), small mammals are reservoir hosts to a number of zoonotic pathogens that are transmitted by ticks, mites, and fleas, including murine typhus, scrub typhus, and other rickettsial diseases (Chu and Hong, 1958;Ahn and Soh, 1973;Hong et al, 1975;Walton and Hong, 1976;Lee et al, 1983;Hong and Shin, 1990;Kim et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Rickettsia Typhi and Seasonal Prevalence of Fleas Collected From Small Mammals in the Republic of Korea

Kim

Yang

Chong

et al. 2010

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Fleas were collected from live-captured small mammals to identify potential fleaborne pathogens, seasonal prevalence of flea species, and host preference as part of the US military rodent-borne diseases surveillance program conducted at one US military installation and 10 military training sites, northern Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. During 2003-04, 948 fleas (563 females and 385 males) were recovered from 2,742 small mammals (seven rodent and one insectivore species). Apodemus agrarius (striped field mouse) accounted for 88.9% (2,439/2,742) of the small mammals, followed by Crocidura lasiura (4.2%), Mus musculus (2.9%), Microtus fortis (2.2%), Myodes regulus (0.6%), Micromys minutus (0.5%), Tscherskia triton (0.5%), and Rattus norvegicus (0.3%). Small mammal infestation rates (number with fleas/number captured) ranged from 7.7% (M. minutus and T. triton) to 31.3% (M. regulus). Flea indices were highest for M. regulus (0.69/captured rodent), followed by C. lasiura (0.54), M. fortis (0.41), A. agrarius (0.34), and R. norvegicus (0.33). Overall, Ctenophthalmus congeneroides (51.3%) was more frequently collected, followed by Stenoponia sidimi (42.6%), Rhadinopsylla insolita (5.5%), Neopsylla bidentatiformis (0.4%), Rhadinopsylla concava (0.1%), and Doratopsylla coreana (0.1%). Ctenophthalmus congeneroides was more frequently collected from small mammals during the spring and summer, while S. sidimi was more frequently collected during the winter season. Rickettsia typhi, the causative agent of murine typhus, was detected in 3.2% of specimens (7/220 pools from 654 fleas; minimum field infection rate [number of positive pools/total number of fleas] was 1.1%).

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Seroepidemiologic Evidence for Murine and Scrub Typhus in Malang, Indonesia

Cited by 57 publications

References 0 publications

Rickettsia felis inXenopsylla cheopis, Java, Indonesia

Rickettsia felis inXenopsylla cheopis, Java, Indonesia

Isolation and Characterization of Orientia tsutsugamushi from Rodents Captured following a Scrub Typhus Outbreak at a Military Training Base, Bothong District, Chonburi Province, Central Thailand

Detection of Rickettsia Typhi and Seasonal Prevalence of Fleas Collected From Small Mammals in the Republic of Korea

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