Sero-Prevalence and Risk Factor ofPeste Des Petits Ruminantsin Sheep and Goats of Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

BackgroundPeste des petits ruminant (PPR) is the most common prevalent viral disease of sheep and goats that impacts productivity and international animal trade in the world and also in Ethiopia. Despite the huge economic consequences related to PPR, little is known about the sero-prevalence of this disease at the country levels. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate a single-group summary for sero-prevalence of PPR disease in small ruminants of Ethiopia and assess the potential risk factor to contribute the sero-prevalence estimate.MethodologyArticle on PPR in sheep and goats were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, reference lists and African online source of articles that had been conducted between 1994 to 2020 and using inclusion and exclusion criteria with restricted to those studies published in English language.ResultsA total of 13 published papers containing 46 district level studies were included for analyses. The single-group summary of PPR disease sero-prevalence in small ruminant was estimated to be 27.71% (95 % CI: 21.46 - 33.96). Overall, the estimated pooled sero-prevalence at country level in sheep was 33.56% (95% CI: 18.72–48.41) and in goats 25.14% (95% CI: 15.68–34.59). Significant heterogeneity (I2 > 80%) was noted in all pooled estimates. The visual inspection of the funnel plot demonstrated the presence of possible publication bias which could be associated with the small number of studies and longtime interval.ConclusionsThis quantitative review showed that the pooled sero-prevalence to be high and regional prevalence estimates of PPR presented here will be useful in raising awareness and advocating the Governments to engage in initiatives PPR control and prevention.

Global Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Virus in Sheep and Goats: A Meta-Analysis

“…This report is similar with other several studies (Abubakar et al, 2009;El-Yuguda et al, 2009;Enan et al, 2013;Gelana et al, 2020) and disagreed with reports that indicated PPR is more prevalent in goat than sheep (Fentie et al, 2018;Faris et al, 2012). Although sheep and goats have biological differences, increased sero-prevalence in one species than other may be caused by sampling procedures, animal abundance or distribution in a given area, management techniques, and viral strains, among other things (Yizengaw et al, 2021). PPRV may also preferentially infect goats over sheep, or vice versa, depending on the environment, and illness severity may differ between species (Truong et al, 2014).…”

“…We found a 24.74% prevalence rate among young animals and 41.23% amongst old animals. In contrast, Yizengaw et al (2021) mentioned that PPR was significantly higher in young animals (36.53%) than in adults (23.12%) and old (8.08%). According to Bari et al (2018) and Kihu et al (2015), the higher prevalence of the disease in young animals compared to older animals may be attributable to malnutrition, a less developed immune system, and inadequate husbandry techniques.…”

“…In contrast, Sowjanya et al (2021) reported that the overall pooled prevalence of PPR is 24% (95% CI: 15-33), with 30% in Asia (95% CI: 14-49) and 20% in Africa (95% CI: 11-30) in large ruminants (bovine and camel) and wildlife. However, Yizengaw et al (2021) reported that the seroprevalence of PPR in small ruminant was 27.71% (95 % CI: 21.46 -33.96) in Ethiopia. This heterogeneity is due to the location of PPRV, methods used to identify the disease, sample origin, sampling approach, stage of infection, research duration, animal species, and sample size.…”

“…Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) remain a persistent menace, leading to significant mortality rates among sheep and goat species. This highly contagious viral disease poses an ongoing challenge to the livelihood of small-scale farmers throughout many regions in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia (Yizengaw et al, 2021).…”

“…This heterogeneity is due to the location of PPRV, methods used to identify the disease, sample origin, sampling approach, stage of infection, research duration, animal species, and sample size. The variation in sero-prevalence may be ascribed to ecological attributes of a particular region, including factors such as climate, settlement patterns, sanitary conditions, and socio-economic activities (Yizengaw et al, 2021).…”