Abstract:Agricultural and livestock farms are the major sources of freshwater pollution in rural areas in the Philippines. Small and unregulated dairy farms operate without appropriate wastewater treatment before discharge because it is too expensive to do so. With this scenario, the emergence of the need for a sustainable and cheaper alternative for wastewater treatment gave rise to the research and development studies of the efficiency of constructed wetlands. The study aims to analyze the treatment efficiency of se… Show more
“…Looking at the other types of CW systems used in dairy wastewater treatment, the range of nutrient removal has a wide range of 30%–70% (Akratos et al., 2018). On the other hand, (Galve et al., 2021) conducted a study with a similar setup and operating condition. However, they used a different plant species (Napier grass), and the nutrient removal efficiencies were negative.…”
Adequate wastewater treatment from the dairy industry before disposal is still lacking in the Philippines, particularly in small‐scale sectors. This limitation is due to the high cost and expertise required from conventional wastewater treatment systems. One option is using constructed wetlands, a nature‐based solution with low cost, less specialized expertise and maintenance requirements and high wastewater treatment efficiency. To further evaluate the application of constructed wetlands in the Philippines, this paper studied the wastewater from the manufacturing processes of the Dairy Training Research Institute, University of the Philippines Los Baños (DTRI‐UPLB). It is a small dairy farm inside the University with economic constraints in using a conventional wastewater treatment system. The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of using vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSFCW) planted with Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) in sand and gravel media to treat the DTRI‐UPLB effluent, using very low retention times (4 and 8 h), with daily and alternate days of wastewater feeding into the VSSFCW. The average removal efficiencies for total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand for (BOD5), total phosphorus (TP), and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) are 88.34%, 93.56%, 78.42%, and 94.63%, respectively. Moreover, alternate wastewater feeding provided a statistically significant increase in the performance of VSSFCW, while there is no statistical difference between the two retention times evaluated. Finally, it was observed that plant age significantly affects the performance of VSSFCW setup but should be explored further with longer operation times and additional nutrient uptake analysis.
“…Looking at the other types of CW systems used in dairy wastewater treatment, the range of nutrient removal has a wide range of 30%–70% (Akratos et al., 2018). On the other hand, (Galve et al., 2021) conducted a study with a similar setup and operating condition. However, they used a different plant species (Napier grass), and the nutrient removal efficiencies were negative.…”
Adequate wastewater treatment from the dairy industry before disposal is still lacking in the Philippines, particularly in small‐scale sectors. This limitation is due to the high cost and expertise required from conventional wastewater treatment systems. One option is using constructed wetlands, a nature‐based solution with low cost, less specialized expertise and maintenance requirements and high wastewater treatment efficiency. To further evaluate the application of constructed wetlands in the Philippines, this paper studied the wastewater from the manufacturing processes of the Dairy Training Research Institute, University of the Philippines Los Baños (DTRI‐UPLB). It is a small dairy farm inside the University with economic constraints in using a conventional wastewater treatment system. The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of using vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSFCW) planted with Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) in sand and gravel media to treat the DTRI‐UPLB effluent, using very low retention times (4 and 8 h), with daily and alternate days of wastewater feeding into the VSSFCW. The average removal efficiencies for total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand for (BOD5), total phosphorus (TP), and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) are 88.34%, 93.56%, 78.42%, and 94.63%, respectively. Moreover, alternate wastewater feeding provided a statistically significant increase in the performance of VSSFCW, while there is no statistical difference between the two retention times evaluated. Finally, it was observed that plant age significantly affects the performance of VSSFCW setup but should be explored further with longer operation times and additional nutrient uptake analysis.
“…where ρ j is the water supply assurance rate, D is the penalty coefficient for pollutant discharge beyond the capacity to accept pollutants (CNY/t or USD/t); ∆W is the discharged amount of pollutants beyond the environmental capacity (t), ∆W = W ij − W 0 , A is the rainwater collection area of the local river network (km 2 ), WF ij is the amount of wastewater discharge considering different consumers (t), γ 2 is the discharge coefficient of the nonpoint source (t/m 3 ), and γ 3 is the discharge coefficient of the point source (t/m 3 ). The total amount of the local water resource, including reclaimed water, is also presented in the model, given as [33][34][35]:…”
Reclaimed water is considered to be an important alternative to freshwater to solve the imbalance between the supply and demand of regional water resources; it is also recognized as an effective tool for alleviating ecological problems caused by insufficient water flow. Yiwu City is a typical area experiencing a water shortage in southeastern China because the regional water resources are limited. In this study, the multiple water resource allocations in Yiwu City are optimized, the complex coupling model of multiple water resource allocation is established, and both the economic and ecological effects of multiple water resource allocation in Yiwu City are simulated and analyzed. The simulation results of optimizing the multiple water resource allocations show an efficient way of reclaimed water utilization in this typical Chinese city. In order to ensure the future economic and social development of Yiwu City, it is necessary to introduce reclaimed water into different fields, such as residential water, industrial water, agricultural water, and environmental water. Reclaimed water has also proven to have a high capability for pollutant control and reduction, which is also important to the ecology and environmental protection.
“…A CW project planted with dominant local macrophytes (Amaranthus spinosus, Eichhornia crassipes, Eleusine indica, and Pennisetum purpureum) was explored to treat the Balili River in Benguet [13,14]. Another project utilized a series type vertical subsurface flow CWs planted with Napier Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum Schumach) at the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Dairy Farm wastewater to reduce the fecal coliform concentration, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids content, nitrite and nitrate concentration, and improve pH level [15]. A laboratory-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland planted with cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) was also tested to reduce the pollutant concentration of slaughterhouse wastewater in Zamboanga City [16].…”
Constructed wetlands are globally recognized as effective nature-based solutions to wastewater treatment providing significant ecological and socio-economic benefits. This study aims to identify the ecosystem services provided by the constructed wetlands and evaluate their economic value. This study administered a survey questionnaire to 270 households of Fishermen’s Gawad Kalinga Village in Bayawan City, Negros Oriental, Philippines and employed a contingent valuation method to investigate their willingness to pay for the constructed wetlands. Respondents identified several ecosystem services of the constructed wetlands including the provisioning (water supply and biomass), regulating (wastewater treatment, water purification, climate regulation, flood prevention), supporting (habitat formation, nutrient cycling, hydrological cycle), and cultural (tourism, educational and research, recreation, aesthetic) services. Results showed that 96.3% of the respondents were willing to pay for the ecosystem services, with a mean of PHP 107.28. In terms of socio-demographic characteristics, age group and sex have no significant impact on WTP; while positive, weak, monotonic association for highest educational attainment; and positive, very weak for monthly income. The findings hold a significant promise for the government and other stakeholders to adopt a constructed wetland in achieving more human ecological and sustainable peri-urban communities.
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