Séries temporelles avec R

The initial steps toward optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules in condensed matter arose out of the study of inhomogeneously broadened optical absorption profiles of molecular impurities in solids at low temperatures. Spectral signatures relating to the fluctuations of the number of molecules in resonance led to the attainment of the single-molecule limit in 1989 using frequency-modulation laser spectroscopy. In the early 90s, many fascinating physical effects were observed for individual molecules, and the imaging of single molecules as well as observations of spectral diffusion, optical switching and the ability to select different single molecules in the same focal volume simply by tuning the pumping laser frequency provided important forerunners of the later super-resolution microscopy with single molecules. In the room temperature regime, imaging of single copies of the green fluorescent protein also uncovered surprises, especially the blinking and photoinduced recovery of emitters, which stimulated further development of photoswitchable fluorescent protein labels. Because each single fluorophore acts a light source roughly 1 nm in size, microscopic observation and localization of individual fluorophores is a key ingredient to imaging beyond the optical diffraction limit. Combining this with active control of the number of emitting molecules in the pumped volume led to the super-resolution imaging of Eric Betzig and others, a new frontier for optical microscopy beyond the diffraction limit. The background leading up to these observations is described and current developments are summarized.

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“…Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS): Magde, Elson, Webb (1972);71–74 Ehrenberg, Rigler (1974);75 Aragón, Pecora (1976) 76…”

Section: Room Temperature Studies Of Single Moleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy, Imaging, and Photocontrol: Foundations for Super‐Resolution Microscopy (Nobel Lecture)

2015

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“…which is a special case of the well-known Schulz-Flory distribution, [40][41][42] where N mean is the sample average of N. We also tested a regular Schulz-Flory distribution, but the exponential distribution yielded better fits for all presently studied systems.…”

Section: Structure Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

High-resolution structure of coexisting nanoscopic and microscopic lipid domains

2017

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We studied coexisting micro- and nanoscopic liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered domains in fully hydrated multilamellar vesicles using small-angle X-ray scattering. Large domains exhibited long-range out-of-plane positional correlations of like domains, consistent with previous reports. In contrast, such correlations were absent in nanoscopic domains. Advancing a global analysis of the in situ data allowed us to gain a deep insight into the structural and elastic properties of the coexisting domains, including the partitioning of cholesterol in each domain. In agreement with a previous report, we found that the thickness mismatch between ordered and disordered domains decreased for nanoscopic domains. At the same time, we found also the lipid packing mismatch to be decreased for nano-domains, mainly due to the liquid-disordered domains becoming more densely packed when decreasing their size.

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“…Consequently, the precipitation-displacement correlation is performed on the detrended displacement. The exponential trend is removed with the statistical multiplicative method (y t = T t S t I t ) where the time series (y t ) is composed of three components (Madsen, 2007;Cowpertwait and Metcalfe, 2009;Aragon, 2011): trend (T t ), seasonal (S t ) and irregular (I t ). In this study, the irregular and seasonal components are both assumed to be linked to the rainfall triggering factor (y t = T t D t with D t = S t I t ).…”

Section: Displacement Data Detrendingmentioning

confidence: 99%

An efficient workflow to accurately compute groundwater recharge for the study of rainfall-triggered deep-seated landslides, application to the Séchilienne unstable slope (western Alps)

Vallet

Bertrand

Fabbri

et al. 2015

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Pore water pressure build-up by recharge of underground hydrosystems is one of the main triggering factors of deep-seated landslides. In most deep-seated landslides, pore water pressure data are not available since piezometers, if any, have a very short lifespan because of slope movements. As a consequence, indirect parameters, such as the calculated recharge, are the only data which enable understanding landslide hydrodynamic behaviour. However, in landslide studies, methods and recharge-area parameters used to determine the groundwater recharge are rarely detailed. In this study, the groundwater recharge is estimated with a soil-water balance based on characterisation of evapotranspiration and parameters characterising the recharge area (soil available water capacity, runoff and vegetation coefficient). A workflow to compute daily groundwater recharge is developed. This workflow requires the records of precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed within or close to the landslide area. The determination of the parameters of the recharge area is based on a spatial analysis requiring field observations and spatial data sets (digital elevation models, aerial photographs and geological maps). This study demonstrates that the performance of the correlation with landslide displacement velocity data is significantly improved using the recharge estimated with the proposed workflow. The coefficient of determination obtained with the recharge estimated with the proposed workflow is 78 % higher on average than that obtained with precipitation, and is 38 % higher on average than that obtained with recharge computed with a commonly used simplification in landslide studies (recharge = precipitation minus non-calibrated evapotranspiration method).

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Séries temporelles avec R

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy, Imaging, and Photocontrol: Foundations for Super‐Resolution Microscopy (Nobel Lecture)

Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy, Imaging, and Photocontrol: Foundations for Super‐Resolution Microscopy (Nobel Lecture)

High-resolution structure of coexisting nanoscopic and microscopic lipid domains

An efficient workflow to accurately compute groundwater recharge for the study of rainfall-triggered deep-seated landslides, application to the Séchilienne unstable slope (western Alps)

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