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S U M M A R YThepractical 2-D magnetotelluric inverse problem seeks to determine the shallow-Earth conductivity structure using finite and uncertain data collected on the ground surface. We present an approach based on using PLTMG (Piecewise Linear Triangular MultiGrid), a special-purpose code for optimization with second-order partial differential equation (PDE) constraints. At each frequency, the electromagnetic field and conductivity are treated as unknowns in an optimization problem in which the data misfit is minimized subject to constraints that include Maxwell's equations and the boundary conditions. Within this framework it is straightforward to accommodate upper and lower bounds or other conditions on the conductivity. In addition, as the underlying inverse problem is ill-posed, constraints may be used to apply various kinds of regularization. We discuss some of the advantages and difficulties associated with using PDE-constrained optimization as the basis for solving large-scale nonlinear geophysical inverse problems.Combined transverse electric and transverse magnetic complex admittances from the CO-PROD2 data are inverted. First, we invert penalizing size and roughness giving solutions that are similar to those found previously. In a second example, conventional regularization is replaced by a technique that imposes upper and lower bounds on the model. In both examples the data misfit is better than that obtained previously, without any increase in model complexity.In magnetotelluric (MT) sounding, measurements of time-varying surface magnetic and electric fields allow us to learn about the conductivity structure of the Earth. However, the measurements are necessarily finite and uncertain and in the face of these limitations, the ultimate goal of an inversion must be to quantify the information that the measurements contain about the electrical structure of the Earth. Because the MT inverse problem is also non-linear and ill-posed, there is a paucity of rigourous methods that can extract the truly essential features of conductivity models. One such solution to the MT problem in one spatial dimension has been developed by us using optimization theory to unify the treatment of the differential equations and the inversion (Medin et al. 2007). Our method was applied to long-period observations and the question of the conductivity in the upper and mid-mantle paper. Our purpose here is to extend (as far as possible) that technique to a 2-D geometry.Our earlier work does not rely on regularization to construct a plausible model from which to draw conclusions. Instead, the observations and the differential equations are regarded as constraints in an optimization problem in which a conductivity function is minimized subject to inequality constraints that keep σ positive (for example). Subject to these constraints, bounds are sought on the average conductivity in intervals of particular geophysical interest, such as the seismic transition zone. Whereas the 1-D problem is motivated by whole-Earth issues such as ...
S U M M A R YThepractical 2-D magnetotelluric inverse problem seeks to determine the shallow-Earth conductivity structure using finite and uncertain data collected on the ground surface. We present an approach based on using PLTMG (Piecewise Linear Triangular MultiGrid), a special-purpose code for optimization with second-order partial differential equation (PDE) constraints. At each frequency, the electromagnetic field and conductivity are treated as unknowns in an optimization problem in which the data misfit is minimized subject to constraints that include Maxwell's equations and the boundary conditions. Within this framework it is straightforward to accommodate upper and lower bounds or other conditions on the conductivity. In addition, as the underlying inverse problem is ill-posed, constraints may be used to apply various kinds of regularization. We discuss some of the advantages and difficulties associated with using PDE-constrained optimization as the basis for solving large-scale nonlinear geophysical inverse problems.Combined transverse electric and transverse magnetic complex admittances from the CO-PROD2 data are inverted. First, we invert penalizing size and roughness giving solutions that are similar to those found previously. In a second example, conventional regularization is replaced by a technique that imposes upper and lower bounds on the model. In both examples the data misfit is better than that obtained previously, without any increase in model complexity.In magnetotelluric (MT) sounding, measurements of time-varying surface magnetic and electric fields allow us to learn about the conductivity structure of the Earth. However, the measurements are necessarily finite and uncertain and in the face of these limitations, the ultimate goal of an inversion must be to quantify the information that the measurements contain about the electrical structure of the Earth. Because the MT inverse problem is also non-linear and ill-posed, there is a paucity of rigourous methods that can extract the truly essential features of conductivity models. One such solution to the MT problem in one spatial dimension has been developed by us using optimization theory to unify the treatment of the differential equations and the inversion (Medin et al. 2007). Our method was applied to long-period observations and the question of the conductivity in the upper and mid-mantle paper. Our purpose here is to extend (as far as possible) that technique to a 2-D geometry.Our earlier work does not rely on regularization to construct a plausible model from which to draw conclusions. Instead, the observations and the differential equations are regarded as constraints in an optimization problem in which a conductivity function is minimized subject to inequality constraints that keep σ positive (for example). Subject to these constraints, bounds are sought on the average conductivity in intervals of particular geophysical interest, such as the seismic transition zone. Whereas the 1-D problem is motivated by whole-Earth issues such as ...
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