“…According to the results of a retrospective review of children aged 0-21 years who had been admitted to a cardiac ICU, the length of time during which the lactate level remained greater than 2 mmol/L (18 mg/dL) was associated with the number of ventilator days and hospital days for the survivors. They all had surgery for CHD and required CPB (DeCampli & Burke, 2009;Kalyanaraman et al, 2008). The lactate level was also considered as being a risk factor for cerebral damage, which was defined as the development of seizures, movement disorders, developmental disorders, cerebral hemorrhage, infarction, hydrocephalus, or marked cerebral atrophy in children after they had undergone cardiac surgery (Trittenwein et al, 2003).…”