Serial 7s and Alphabet Backwards as brief measures of information processing speed

Williams, Mark A.; LaMarche, Judith A.; Alexander, Robert W.; Stanford, Lisa D.; Fielstein, Elliot M.; Boll, Thomas J.

doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(96)80002-3

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The SSt assesses complex attention and speed of information processing (Williams et al. ), and although diabetics scored more poorly than nondiabetics, scores on the SSt did not differ between individuals with and without hypertension (Hawkins et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of midodrine and L-NAME on systemic and cerebral hemodynamics during cognitive activation in spinal cord injury and intact controls

et al. 2016

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We previously showed that increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) following administration of midodrine hydrochloride (MH) and nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) resulted in increased mean cerebral blood flow velocity (MFV) during head‐up tilt in hypotensive individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and question if this same association was evident during cognitive activation. Herein, we report MAP and MFV during two serial subtraction tasks (SSt) given before (predrug) and after (postdrug) administration of MH; (10 mg), L‐NAME (1 mg/kg) or no drug (ND) in 15 subjects with SCI compared to nine able‐bodied (AB) controls. Three‐way factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) models were used to determine significant main and interaction effects for group (SCI, AB), visit (MH, L‐NAME, ND), and time (predrug, postdrug) for MAP and MFV during the two SSt. The three‐way interaction was significant for MAP (F = 4.262; P = 0.020); both MH (30 ± 26 mmHg; P < 0.05) and L‐NAME (27 ± 22 mmHg; P < 0.01) significantly increased MAP in the SCI group, but not in the AB group. There was a significant visit by time interaction for MFV suggesting an increase from predrug to postdrug following L‐NAME (6 ± 8 cm/sec; P < 0.05) and MH (4 ± 7 cm/sec; P < 0.05), regardless of study group, with little change following ND (3 ± 3 cm/sec). The relationship between change in MAP and MFV was significant in the SCI group following administration of MH (r 2 = 0.38; P < 0.05) and L‐NAME (r 2 = 0.32; P < 0.05). These antihypotensive agents, at the doses tested, raised MAP, which was associated with an increase MFV during cognitive activation in hypotensive subjects with SCI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SSt is an easy to perform, brief assessment of information processing speed (Williams et al. ). Subjects were asked to subtract a single‐digit number from a three‐digit number in succession for 60 sec.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of midodrine and L-NAME on systemic and cerebral hemodynamics during cognitive activation in spinal cord injury and intact controls

et al. 2016

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“…The test consists of counting aloud backwards by three from a randomly selected number between 90 and 100 proposed by the investigator, before the trial was commenced, until the end of the experiment (Pajala et al, 2007). This test is usually adopted for the evaluation of attentional demand (Pellecchia, 2005) and also to evaluate information processing speed (Williams et al, 1996). These were the reasons for this task to be included as secondary task.…”

Section: Secondary Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The execution of the Grooved Pegboard test in a Dual-Task situation: A pilot study

Petrigna

Pajaujienė

Iacona

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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Background: Manual dexterity is an important aspect in everyday life, which is widely studied through the Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT). Since Dual-Tasks (DT) activities are widely investigated and important to simulate everyday life situations, the objectives of the present pilot study were the evaluation of the effect of a cognitive task and a motor task during the performance of the GPT and the feasibility of the GPT in a DT contest. A secondary objective was to evaluate the training effect of the GPT. Methods: A total of 31 young adults (20 man and 11 woman, age (SD): 27.7 (2.5)) performed the GPT eight times to understand the presence of a training effect before performing the GPT in DT. The additional tasks were a secondary cognitive task and a secondary motor task. Results: All participants were able to complete the required conditions. The GPT performed in motor DT were significantly slower than those performed singularly (p < 0.01). The GPT performed with the cognitive task was slower than the secondary motor task (p < 0.05). A training effect was present up to the 4 th consecutive trial. Conclusions: The GPT can be executed with a cognitive or motor task to increase the difficulty of the trial to better evaluate manual dexterity and cognitive capacities.

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“…A second information processing speed task was also included, namely the Alphabet Backwards task (Williams et al, 1996 ). The task has been found to be a brief but valid alternative to other more complex and time-consuming tests of information processing speed, and there is research providing support for its construct and discriminant validity (Williams et al, 1996 ). To perform this task, participants simply recited the English alphabet in reverse order (from Z to A).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A performance index score (completion time/number correct) was calculated for each participant. This score reflects the average number of seconds required to obtain each correct answer, which provides an index of information processing speed taking into account performance accuracy (Williams et al, 1996 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Cognitive Processing Capacities on Speech Perception in Young Adults

Tao

Taft

2017

Front. Psychol.

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Foreign accent in speech often presents listeners with challenging listening conditions. Consequently, listeners may need to draw on additional cognitive resources in order to perceive and comprehend such speech. Previous research has shown that, for older adults, executive functions predicted perception of speech material spoken in a novel, artificially created (and therefore unfamiliar) accent. The present study investigates the influences of executive functions, information processing speed, and working memory on perception of unfamiliar foreign accented speech, in healthy young adults. The results showed that the executive processes of inhibition and switching, as well as information processing speed predict response times to both accented and standard sentence stimuli, while inhibition and information processing speed predict speed of responding to accented word stimuli. Inhibition and switching further predict accuracy in responding to accented word and standard sentence stimuli that has increased processing demand (i.e., nonwords and sentences with unexpected semantic content). These findings suggest that stronger abilities in aspects of cognitive functioning may be helpful for matching variable pronunciations of speech sounds to stored representations, for example by being able to manage the activation of incorrect competing representations and shifting to other possible matches.

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Serial 7s and Alphabet Backwards as brief measures of information processing speed

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Effects of midodrine and L-NAME on systemic and cerebral hemodynamics during cognitive activation in spinal cord injury and intact controls

Effects of midodrine and L-NAME on systemic and cerebral hemodynamics during cognitive activation in spinal cord injury and intact controls

The execution of the Grooved Pegboard test in a Dual-Task situation: A pilot study

Influences of Cognitive Processing Capacities on Speech Perception in Young Adults

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