Ser and estar

Leonetti, Manuel; Pérez-Jiménez, Isabel; Molina, Silvia Gumiel

doi:10.1075/ihll.5.01leo

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In Spanish, the existence of two major linking verbs (ser and estar) has generated extensive theoretical descriptions (see Leonetti et al 2015;Marín 2004, for a review). The collocation of different adjectives with one or both verbs has been a subject of major research.…”

Section: Copula Choice In Spanish and Predicate Adjectives In Russianmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…'to be'; Cuza et al 2021;Requena and Dracos 2021;Silva-Corvalán 2014). The semantic and pragmatic distinctions that derive from the ser/estar alternation in predicate adjective constructions are usually attributed to aspectual differences (Arche 2012;Fernández-Leborans 1995;Leonetti et al 2015): estar usually co-occurs with bounded interpretations of the situation and with discourse situation restrictions (Maienborn 2005), which are equivalent to the perfective aspectual perspective of the situation. On the other hand, ser is devoid of temporal content and therefore it refers to an imperfective aspectual reading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Acquisition of Copula Alternation Ser/Estar and Adjective in L1 Russian, Spanish Heritage Speakers

Mañas Navarrete,

Guijarro Fuentes,

Bello Viruega

2023

Languages

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Spanish copula choice ser/estar and the semantic and pragmatic distinctions that derive from their alternation in predicate adjective constructions have been discussed in several studies focused on the features of Spanish as a heritage language, usually focusing on the lack of equivalence between English and Spanish. The aim of this study is to determine the competence of a group of heritage speakers of Spanish that were born and raised in Russia in adjective copula selection for ser and estar and to what extent it differs from that of L2 speakers. A group of second-generation heritage Spanish-Russian speakers (n = 29) and a group of L1 Russian learners of Spanish as foreign language (n = 23) performed a translation recognition task in Spanish based on extracts from contemporary Spanish literary works. From a crosslinguistic perspective, a partial correspondence can be established between long forms of the Russian adjective with ser, and short forms of the Russian adjective with estar. Taking this cross-language relationship into account, we considered congruent and non-congruent cross-language scenarios. The results confirm that the heritage speakers outperformed the L2 Spanish speakers. This suggests a possible benefit of earlier exposure and use of Spanish. The facilitative effect of L1 can be traced in the ser-preferred scenarios but it fades away in the estar-preferred contexts for both groups.

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Section: Copula Choice In Spanish and Predicate Adjectives In Russianmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Acquisition of Copula Alternation Ser/Estar and Adjective in L1 Russian, Spanish Heritage Speakers

Mañas Navarrete,

Guijarro Fuentes,

Bello Viruega

2023

Languages

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“…Spanish, as is the case in other Romance languages like Catalan and Portuguese, has two copular verbs, ser and estar. This dual system poses a special challenge for grammatical description and is a recurrent and often researched topic in the study of Spanish (for an overview, see Leonetti 1994;Fernández Leborans 1999;Batllori, 2006;Camacho 2012;Marín 2004;Pérez-Jiménez, Leonetti & Gumiel 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copulas in Spanish: Scalar structure and interpretive economy

Bazaco

2020

Borealis

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This article analyzes the distribution of the copulas ser and estar in Spanish, based on a scalar theoretical framework. The main proposal is that their distribution can be captured in terms of the scalar structure of the predicates involved and the presence of cognitive salient points on those scales. The proposed framework centers around ser predicates involving a single degree on the scale, while those with estar involve an interval, which additionally must involve an onset, or salient point. This analysis has two advantages. First, it accounts for subjects and closed-scale adjective pairs not being able to alternate between ser or estar. The endpoints present on closed-scales act as strong salient points that, based on the Principle of Interpretive Economy, require that the copula estar is used if it can. Second, this analysis also accounts for the distribution of estar with open-scale predicates and explains why adjectives like famoso ‘famous’ or rico ‘rich’ are virtually absent from estar predications, despite having the appropriate temporal reading. Cognitive salient points are also responsible for generating the appropriate scalar interval required for estar predications, although their being weaker than endpoints on closed-scales does not require estar be the only copula available. The article also accounts for the nature of these onsets on open-scale adjectives and provides a diagnostic tool to determine which adjectives have them, and consequently can appear in estar predications.

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“…,Laca 1999, Arche 2006y Leonetti et al 2015; volveré sobre este tema en §2.2., en relación con el uso de ser y estar). Entre las muchas pistas que ayudan a diferenciar entre los dos tipos de predicados están los tiempos verbales (la perífrasis <estar + gerundio>, como en (12b), no suele aparecer en los predicados de individuo) y ciertos adverbiales (siempre, nunca, típicamente, normalmente, habitualmente, entre otros, favorecen la interpretación genérica o de individuo).…”

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Adquisición de rasgos gramaticales del español por hablantes adultos de ruso: identificando las áreas de dificultad dentro de una instrucción gramatical explícita

Batiukova

2018

ELUA

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ResumenEn este trabajo se defiende la necesidad de una enseñanza formal de la gramática de segundas lenguas y de estimular la reflexión sobre el funcionamiento de los elementos gramaticales y su aportación al contenido de una expresión lingüística para conseguir una competencia lingüística plena. Partiendo de este enfoque, se compara el funcionamiento de algunas de las categorías funcionales asociadas al grupo nominal y el sintagma verbal en ruso y español y se señalan aquellas cuyos rasgos o realización morfológica divergentes pueden resultar especialmente difíciles en la adquisición del español por parte de hablantes adultos de ruso. Se alude asimismo a su relación con los fenómenos que sobrepasan el dominio morfosintáctico y se suelen tratar como léxicos o pragmático-discursivos. Los diferentes puntos de este repaso se ResumenEl trabajo analiza la potencialidad del territorio para la implantación de parques eólicos en la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía. Para ello se construye un modelo locacional utilizando las capacidades analíticas de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) y las Técnicas de Evaluación Multicriterio (EMC). En este modelo se señalarán las zonas con mayor potencialidad para la implantación eólica, así como aquéllas en las que ésta resulta desaconsejable o incluso incompatible con otras actividades y usos del territorio. Los resultados ponen en evidencia la existencia de diversas limitaciones en Andalucía para el desarrollo de la energía eólica, pero, además y sobre todo, pueden ofrecer un instrumento de gran utilidad para un impulso ordenado del sector eólico en la región.Palabras clave: AbstractThis paper analyzes the potential of the land to set up wind farms in Andalusia (Southern Spain). A locational model using the analytical capabilities of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-criteria Evaluation Techniques (EMC) has been built. This will be able to point out the areas with the greatest potential for wind power, as well as those in which it is inadvisable or even incompatible with other activities and land use. The results highlight the existence of several constraints in Andalusia to develop wind energy, but also and above all, they provide a useful tool to promote the wind energy industry in the region in an orderly fashion.

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Ser and estar

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

The Acquisition of Copula Alternation Ser/Estar and Adjective in L1 Russian, Spanish Heritage Speakers

The Acquisition of Copula Alternation Ser/Estar and Adjective in L1 Russian, Spanish Heritage Speakers

Copulas in Spanish: Scalar structure and interpretive economy

Adquisición de rasgos gramaticales del español por hablantes adultos de ruso: identificando las áreas de dificultad dentro de una instrucción gramatical explícita

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