Indocyanine green
(ICG) has been used in various surgical navigation
systems and plays an important role in intraoperative imaging diagnosis.
However, the poor photostability and unsatisfactory tumor-targeting
ability have limited its broad application prospects. In the decades,
the construction of a nanodrug delivery system for tumor-targeting
diagnosis and therapy has become a research hotspot. Black phosphorus
nanosheets (BPNS), as a new kind of biodegradable nanomaterials, have
the advantages of high loading capacity, good biocompatibility, tumor
targeting, and photothermal effect over other two-dimensional (2D)
reported nanomaterials. Herein, ICG-loaded poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modified
BPNS (ICG@BPNS-PEG) nanocomposites are constructed to improve the
tumor-targeting capacity and guide photothermal therapy through real-time
fluorescence imaging. In this study, ICG@BPNS-PEG nanocomposites with
a suitable size (240 ± 28 nm) have been successfully constructed.
The photostability of ICG@BPNS-PEG nanocomposites surpassed that of
free ICG after four on–off cycles of near laser irradiation
(NIR). Moreover, ICG@BPNS-PEG nanocomposites have enhanced photothermal
conversion ability. The cellular uptake result through flow cytometry
showed that ICG@BPNS-PEG nanocomposites could be swallowed easily
owing to the suitable size and passive cellular uptake. In addition,
the cytotoxicity evaluation of MCF-7, 4T1 breast cancer cells, and
healthy RPE cells through the MTT assay demonstrated that ICG@BPNS-PEG
nanocomposites have lower cytotoxicity and good cellular compatibility
without irradiation. However, the cytotoxicity and live/dead staining
proved that ICG@BPNS-PEG nanocomposites have satisfactory photothermal
therapeutic effects when irradiated. In the 4T1-bearing mice model,
the fluorescence imaging after intravenous injection of nanocomposites
showed that ICG@BPNS-PEG nanocomposites have superior passive tumor
targeting accumulation through the enhanced permeability and retention
(EPR) effect compared with that of free ICG. Also, changes in tumor
volume showed a remarkable tumor growth inhibition effect compared
with other groups. Moreover, the results of hematoxylin–eosin
(H&E) staining of major organs in 4T1-bearing mice also demonstrated
that the nanocomposites have good biocompatibility. Therefore, the
constructed ICG@BPNS-PEG nanocomposites have substantial potential
in breast cancer therapy.