Sequential Washing with Electrolyzed Alkaline and Acidic Water Effectively Removes Pathogens from Metal Surfaces

Nakano, Yuichiro; Akamatsu, Norihiko; Mori, Tsuyoshi; Sano, Kazunori; Satoh, Katsuya; Nagayasu, Takeshi; Miyoshi, Yoshiaki; Sugio, Tomomi; Sakai, H.; Sakae, Eiji; Ichimiya, Kazuko; Hamada, Masahisa; Nakayama, Takehisa; Fujita, Yasuhiko; Yanagihara, Katsunori; Nishida, Naoshi

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156058

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Many studies have described anti-microbial activities of HOCl, but only one has raised the possibility of anti-prion activity. In that study, a cycle of sonications and/or washes with electrolyzed basic (pH 11.9) and acidic (pH 2.7) water, with the latter presumed to contain HCl and HOCl, inactivated prions by ≥1 log 10 on steel wires [ 25 , 26 ]. However, the role of HOCl in the anti-prion activity of this cyclic treatment remains unclear because, firstly, Cl 2 is also a prominent oxidizing species present in aqueous free-chlorine solutions at pH 2.7 [ 27 ]; and secondly, the pH 11.9 step may have been important given that basic solutions can have anti-prion activity [ 13 , 16 , 28 , 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of concerns about iatrogenic transmission of prion diseases via contaminated surgical instruments [ 18 ], and the tenacious binding and infectivity of prions bound to stainless steel [ 50 , 51 ], we have not only tested HOCl inactivation of prions in brain homogenates (BH), but also prions on stainless steel wire as a surrogate for surgical instruments. The latter strategy has been employed previously for the evaluation of other disinfectants [ 12 – 15 , 25 , 26 , 52 ]. To investigate whether HOCl might also inactivate other types of self-propagating amyloid seeds, we have also tested effects of BrioHOCl on amyloid seeds composed of human α-synuclein (α-syn) and tau.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inactivation of Prions and Amyloid Seeds with Hypochlorous Acid

Hughson¹,

Race²,

Kraus³

et al. 2016

PLoS Pathog

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Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is produced naturally by neutrophils and other cells to kill conventional microbes in vivo. Synthetic preparations containing HOCl can also be effective as microbial disinfectants. Here we have tested whether HOCl can also inactivate prions and other self-propagating protein amyloid seeds. Prions are deadly pathogens that are notoriously difficult to inactivate, and standard microbial disinfection protocols are often inadequate. Recommended treatments for prion decontamination include strongly basic (pH ≥~12) sodium hypochlorite bleach, ≥1 N sodium hydroxide, and/or prolonged autoclaving. These treatments are damaging and/or unsuitable for many clinical, agricultural and environmental applications. We have tested the anti-prion activity of a weakly acidic aqueous formulation of HOCl (BrioHOCl) that poses no apparent hazard to either users or many surfaces. For example, BrioHOCl can be applied directly to skin and mucous membranes and has been aerosolized to treat entire rooms without apparent deleterious effects. Here, we demonstrate that immersion in BrioHOCl can inactivate not only a range of target microbes, including spores of Bacillus subtilis, but also prions in tissue suspensions and on stainless steel. Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays showed that BrioHOCl treatments eliminated all detectable prion seeding activity of human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cervine chronic wasting disease, sheep scrapie and hamster scrapie; these findings indicated reductions of ≥103- to 106-fold. Transgenic mouse bioassays showed that all detectable hamster-adapted scrapie infectivity in brain homogenates or on steel wires was eliminated, representing reductions of ≥~105.75-fold and >104-fold, respectively. Inactivation of RT-QuIC seeding activity correlated with free chlorine concentration and higher order aggregation or destruction of proteins generally, including prion protein. BrioHOCl treatments had similar effects on amyloids composed of human α-synuclein and a fragment of human tau. These results indicate that HOCl can block the self-propagating activity of prions and other amyloids.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Prions and Amyloid Seeds with Hypochlorous Acid

Hughson¹,

Race²,

Kraus³

et al. 2016

PLoS Pathog

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“…The use of stainless-steel wires for prion decontamination studies has been used by several groups previously to mimic surgical instrument contamination [8, 12, 15, 26–33]. Often equipment used by hunters, meat processors and biologists are also made of, or coated with stainless steel, therefore we applied the stainless-steel wire model here to mimic the surfaces of knives, saws, and processing equipment contaminated with CWD prions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of chronic wasting disease prions using sodium hypochlorite

et al. 2019

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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal prion disease that can infect deer, elk and moose. CWD has now been detected in 26 states of the USA, 3 Canadian provinces, South Korea, Norway, Sweden and Finland. CWD continues to spread from endemic areas, and new foci of infections are frequently detected. As increasing numbers of cervids become infected, the likelihood for human exposure increases. To date, no cases of CWD infection in humans have been confirmed, but experience with the BSE zoonosis in the United Kingdom suggests exposure to CWD should be minimized. Specifically, hunters, meat processors and others in contact with tissues from potentially CWD-infected cervids need a practical method to decontaminate knives, saws and other equipment. Prions are notoriously difficult to inactivate, and most effective methods require chemicals or sterilization processes that are either dangerous, caustic, expensive or not readily available. Although corrosive, sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is widely available and affordable and has been shown to inactivate prion agents including those that cause scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In the current study, we confirm that bleach is an effective disinfectant for CWD prions and establish minimum times and bleach concentrations to eliminate prion seeding activity from stainless steel and infected brain homogenate solutions. We found that a five-minute treatment with a 40% dilution of household bleach was effective at inactivating CWD seeding activity from stainless-steel wires and CWD-infected brain homogenates. However, bleach was not able to inactivate CWD seeding activity from solid tissues in our studies.

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“…The efficacy of electrolyzed acidic water depends on the amount of organic debris because of uptake of the bactericidal chemicals in the organic debris therefore adequate manual cleaning prior to use is warranted [ 106 ]. Interestingly, in a model utilizing metal cylinders without organic debris some cylinders still harbored viable bacteria after electrolyzed acidic water treatment [ 107 ]. Electrolyzed acidic water has been compared to glutaraldehyde and has comparable efficacy based on contamination rate [ 106 , 108 – 110 ].…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A narrative review on current duodenoscope reprocessing techniques and novel developments

Heuvelmans

Wunderink

Mei

et al. 2021

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control

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Duodenoscopy-associated infections occur worldwide despite strict adherence to reprocessing standards. The exact scope of the problem remains unknown because a standardized sampling protocol and uniform sampling techniques are lacking. The currently available multi-society protocol for microbial culturing by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the American Society for Microbiology, published in 2018 is too laborious for broad clinical implementation. A more practical sampling protocol would result in increased accessibility and widespread implementation. This will aid to reduce the prevalence of duodenoscope contamination. To reduce the risk of duodenoscopy-associated pathogen transmission the FDA advised four supplemental reprocessing measures. These measures include double high-level disinfection, microbiological culturing and quarantine, ethylene oxide gas sterilization and liquid chemical sterilization. When the supplemental measures were advised in 2015 data evaluating their efficacy were sparse. Over the past five years data regarding the supplemental measures have become available that place the efficacy of the supplemental measures into context. As expected the advised supplemental measures have resulted in increased costs and reprocessing time. Unfortunately, it has also become clear that the efficacy of the supplemental measures falls short and that duodenoscope contamination remains a problem. There is a lot of research into new reprocessing methods and technical applications trying to solve the problem of duodenoscope contamination. Several promising developments such as single-use duodenoscopes, electrolyzed acidic water, and vaporized hydrogen peroxide plasma are already applied in a clinical setting.

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Sequential Washing with Electrolyzed Alkaline and Acidic Water Effectively Removes Pathogens from Metal Surfaces

Cited by 12 publications

References 25 publications

Inactivation of Prions and Amyloid Seeds with Hypochlorous Acid

Inactivation of Prions and Amyloid Seeds with Hypochlorous Acid

Inactivation of chronic wasting disease prions using sodium hypochlorite

A narrative review on current duodenoscope reprocessing techniques and novel developments

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