Sequential precipitation samplers: A literature review

Laquer, Frederic C.

doi:10.1016/0960-1686(90)90322-e

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…To be able to perform an IHS, a baseflow water sample is collected at the catchment outlet before the start of an event (to represent pre-event water) and streamflow samples are collected throughout the event. Krupa (2002) and Laquer (1990) list different ways to collect rain water samples. Sampling by hand (Hrachowitz et al, 2011;Roa-García and Weiler, 2010), integrated volume samplers (James and Roulet, 2009;Lyon et al, 2008;Pellerin et al, 2008;Smith et al, 1979;Vitvar and Balderer, 1997) and sequential samples for each volume of rain or at a fixed time step (Brown et al, 1999;Jordan, 1994;Kennedy et al, 1986;McDonnell et al, 1990;Penna et al, 2014) are most common in IHS studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial variability in the isotopic composition of rainfall in a small headwater catchment and its effect on hydrograph separation

Fischer

Meerveld

Seibert

2017

Journal of Hydrology

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Isotope hydrograph separation (IHS) is a valuable tool to study runoff generation processes. To perform an IHS, samples of baseflow (pre-event water) and streamflow are taken at the catchment outlet. For rainfall (event water) either a bulk sample is collected or it is sampled sequentially during the event. For small headwater catchment studies, event water samples are usually taken at only one sampling location in or near the catchment because the spatial variability in the isotopic composition of rainfall is assumed to be small. However, few studies have tested this assumption. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal variability in the isotopic composition of rainfall and its effects on IHS results using detailed measurements from a small pre-alpine headwater catchment in Switzerland. Rainfall was sampled sequentially at eight locations across the 4.3 km2 Zwäckentobel catchment and stream water was collected in three subcatchments (0.15, 0.23, and 0.70 km2) during ten events. The spatial variability in rainfall amount, average and maximum rainfall intensity and the isotopic composition of rainfall was different for each event. There was no significant relation between the isotopic composition of rainfall and total rainfall amount, rainfall intensity or elevation. For eight of the ten studied events the temporal variability in the isotopic composition of rainfall was larger than the spatial variability in the rainfall isotopic composition. The isotope hydrograph separation results, using only one rain sampler, varied considerably depending on which rain sampler was used to represent the isotopic composition of event water. The calculated minimum pre-event water contributions differed up to 60%. The differences were particularly large for events with a large spatial variability in the isotopic composition of rainfall and a small difference between the event and pre-event water isotopic composition. Our results demonstrate that even in small catchments the spatial variability in the rainfall isotopic composition can be significant and has to be considered for IHS studies. Using data from only one rain sampler can result in significant errors in the estimated pre-event water contributions to streamflow.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial variability in the isotopic composition of rainfall in a small headwater catchment and its effect on hydrograph separation

Fischer

Meerveld

Seibert

2017

Journal of Hydrology

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“…Further, it has been shown that ignoring the spatial variability impairs isotope-based hydrograph separations (Cayuela et al, 2019;Fischer et al, 2017). These findings highlight the need for collector arrays or networks (see Lutz et al, 2018;Scholl et al, 1995Scholl et al, , 1996. Using expensive, commercial equipment in such networks might be prohibitively expensive for many researchers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical note: A microcontroller-based automatic rain sampler for stable isotope studies

Michelsen¹,

Laube

Friesen

et al. 2019

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Automatic samplers represent a convenient way to gather rain samples for isotope (δ18O and δ2H) and water quality analyses. Yet, most commercial collectors are expensive and do not reduce post-sampling evaporation and the associated isotope fractionation sufficiently. Thus, we have developed a microcontroller-based automatic rain sampler for timer-actuated collection of integral rain samples. Sampling periods are freely selectable (minutes to weeks), and the device is low-cost, simple, robust, and customizable. Moreover, a combination of design features reliably minimizes evaporation from the collection bottles. Evaporative losses were assessed by placing the pre-filled sampler in a laboratory oven with which a diurnal temperature regime (21–31 ∘C) was simulated for 26 weeks. At the end of the test, all bottles had lost less than 1 % of the original water amount, and all isotope shifts were within the analytical precision. These results show that even multi-week field deployments of the device would result in rather small evaporative mass losses and isotope shifts. Hence, we deem our sampler a useful addition to devices that are currently commercially available and/or described in the scientific literature. To enable reproduction, all relevant details on hard- and software are openly accessible.

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“…The rain rate during the time represented by the sequential sample was calculated by dividing 0.762 mm of rainfall by the total time elapsed during three tips of the raingage. Laquer (1990a) provides a thorough literature review of various sequential precipitation-sampling methods.…”

Section: Sequential-runoff Samplers and Tipping-bucket Raingagementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of acid deposition on dissolution of carbonate stone during summer storms in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, 1987-89

Schuster¹,

Reddy²,

Sherwood³

1994

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Sequential precipitation samplers: A literature review

Cited by 18 publications

References 77 publications

Spatial variability in the isotopic composition of rainfall in a small headwater catchment and its effect on hydrograph separation

Spatial variability in the isotopic composition of rainfall in a small headwater catchment and its effect on hydrograph separation

Technical note: A microcontroller-based automatic rain sampler for stable isotope studies

Effects of acid deposition on dissolution of carbonate stone during summer storms in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, 1987-89

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