Sequential motor learning transfers from real to virtual environment

Takeo, Yuhi; Hara, Masayuki; Shirakawa, Yuna; Ikeda, Takashi; Sugata, Hisato

doi:10.1186/s12984-021-00903-6

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…We believe that our findings may provide an important information for further understanding the relationship between body ownership and agency. In addition, our results, in particular, the increase in agency of the inactive hand by a simple action of the active hand may be helpful in studies on, for instance, rehabilitation of upper limb hemiplegia [52], phantom pain, and chronic pain in which the patients lose the normal ability to move or aware their hand. Further studies with VR-based platforms like our experimental system may provide novel and effective medical treatments to those diseases or disorders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Effect of a Body Part Action on Body Perception of the Other Inactive Body Part

Hara¹,

Sugata

Otsuru

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst.

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The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is an illusory experience in which a fake rubber hand is felt as if it were one's own hand when the visible fake and invisible real hands are stimulated synchronously. Although several studies have suggested contributions of action to body ownership using the RHI paradigm, the relationship between body ownership and agency has not yet been fully revealed. To better understand this relationship, the present study investigated the transfer of body ownership between body parts induced by a body part action. Using an RHI paradigm involving virtual reality, we tested whether a simple finger action of the dominant (active) hand can induce the embodiment of a virtual hand corresponding to the non-dominant (inactive) hand. We evaluated the illusory experience, perceptual changes, and physiological changes during the experiment with a subjective questionnaire, crossmodal congruency effect measurement, and skin temperature measurement, respectively. The results demonstrated that the finger action induced the embodiment of both virtual hands, causing a significant increase in agency of the inactive hand. This suggests that the illusory experience induced by an active body part contributes to an increase in agency as well as body ownership over the virtual body of the other inactive body part.Index Terms-Rubber hand illusion, virtual hand illusion, sense of body ownership, sense of agency, cognetics. I. INTRODUCTIONI N general, humans never doubt a sense of "my body (or body part) belongs to me" (i.e., the sense of body ownership) or "I am moving (or controlling) my body" (i.e., the sense of agency) [1] although they are not particularly aware in daily life. For instance, we never consider that our fingers and hands are tools or being moved by someone else when we play a piano or type at a keyboard by ourselves. Such awareness is normally robust, but could deteriorate in higher brain dysfunction or psychiatric/neurological disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Effect of a Body Part Action on Body Perception of the Other Inactive Body Part

Hara¹,

Sugata

Otsuru

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst.

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“…The movement patterns of RW and VR were different in this study (22). Investigation of the transfer of sequential motor learning indicated that the sequential reaching task in VR environments was facilitated after the sequential finger task in RW environments (23). Participants who train in the RW environment have an improvement in motor performance when they transfer to the VR environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Systematic reviews express that weaker research showed larger effects in favor of VR training than RW (18), and less VR allows participants to gain experience in learning the structure of skills (19). Participants who trained sequential motor tasks in the RW environment have an improvement when they transferred to the VR environment (23,24). In contrast, participants who train in the VR environment show a decrease in skill level when transferring to the RW environment (24).…”

Section: Performance Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Comparison of Performance and Movement Kinematics of Virtual Reality Practice with Real-World Practice in the Dart-Throwing Skill

2022

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Background: Researchers are pursuing the enhancement of sensorimotor skills through the application of virtual reality (VR) in the sports environment. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the performance and kinematics of VR with real-world dart-throwing. Methods: Twenty-four healthy junior high school boy students participated (aged = 13.66, SD = 0.48) in this semi-experimental study in the year of 2017. We examined mean radial and bivariate variable errors as the performance variables. The maximum flexion angle, release time angle, and angular velocity was examined as the kinematic variables. Standard dartboard, the Xbox360, the Kinect, and a high-speed camera (sampling at 240 Hz) were used to measure the performance and kinematics characteristics of upper limb motion. We used Kinovea 0.8.26 and MATLAB R2015b to analyze videos and data smoothing. One-way MANOVA was used to analyze variables. Results: The results revealed (P = 0.211) no significant differences between VR and real world (RW) training in acquisition and retention outcomes, F (4, 19) = 1.618. In addition, kinematic dependent variables (P = 0.414) had no significant difference between groups, F (6, 17) = 1.077. Conclusions: These findings achieved the same results in performance and kinematics of dart-throwing by VR intervention in the RW context. Basic similarities between VR and RW movement patterns in the same task bring motor skills improvement and transfer of learning.

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“…If this interpretation is true, then cognitive load may have the strongest affects early in the motor learning process. Motor learning in the real world has been shown to facilitate subsequent motor learning processes in HMD-VR, suggesting that HMD-VR may be more effectively used in later stages of motor learning [ 38 ]. Thus, initial training done without the use of HMD-VR may then increase the effectiveness of HMD-VR applications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased cognitive load in immersive virtual reality during visuomotor adaptation is associated with decreased long-term retention and context transfer

Juliano

Schweighofer

Liew

2022

J NeuroEngineering Rehabil

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Background Complex motor tasks in immersive virtual reality using a head-mounted display (HMD-VR) have been shown to increase cognitive load and decrease motor performance compared to conventional computer screens (CS). Separately, visuomotor adaptation in HMD-VR has been shown to recruit more explicit, cognitive strategies, resulting in decreased implicit mechanisms thought to contribute to motor memory formation. However, it is unclear whether visuomotor adaptation in HMD-VR increases cognitive load and whether cognitive load is related to explicit mechanisms and long-term motor memory formation. Methods We randomized 36 healthy participants into three equal groups. All groups completed an established visuomotor adaptation task measuring explicit and implicit mechanisms, combined with a dual-task probe measuring cognitive load. Then, all groups returned after 24-h to measure retention of the overall adaptation. One group completed both training and retention tasks in CS (measuring long-term retention in a CS environment), one group completed both training and retention tasks in HMD-VR (measuring long-term retention in an HMD-VR environment), and one group completed the training task in HMD-VR and the retention task in CS (measuring context transfer from an HMD-VR environment). A Generalized Linear Mixed-Effect Model (GLMM) was used to compare cognitive load between CS and HMD-VR during visuomotor adaptation, t-tests were used to compare overall adaptation and explicit and implicit mechanisms between CS and HMD-VR training environments, and ANOVAs were used to compare group differences in long-term retention and context transfer. Results Cognitive load was found to be greater in HMD-VR than in CS. This increased cognitive load was related to decreased use of explicit, cognitive mechanisms early in adaptation. Moreover, increased cognitive load was also related to decreased long-term motor memory formation. Finally, training in HMD-VR resulted in decreased long-term retention and context transfer. Conclusions Our findings show that cognitive load increases in HMD-VR and relates to explicit learning and long-term motor memory formation during motor learning. Future studies should examine what factors cause increased cognitive load in HMD-VR motor learning and whether this impacts HMD-VR training and long-term retention in clinical populations.

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Sequential motor learning transfers from real to virtual environment

Cited by 6 publications

References 60 publications

Effect of a Body Part Action on Body Perception of the Other Inactive Body Part

Effect of a Body Part Action on Body Perception of the Other Inactive Body Part

Comparison of Performance and Movement Kinematics of Virtual Reality Practice with Real-World Practice in the Dart-Throwing Skill

Increased cognitive load in immersive virtual reality during visuomotor adaptation is associated with decreased long-term retention and context transfer

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