Sequential leaching of marine ferromanganese precipitates: Genetic implications

Koschinsky, Andrea; Halbach, Peter

doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00358-4

Cited by 322 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Some general characteristics of the FeMn crusts were noted based on the different scans. Higher concentrations of Co are observed where Mn is also enriched (e.g., Figure 5, Core B 3000 µm) as would be expected from the attraction of positively charged Co 2+ to negatively charged MnO 2 -colloidal surfaces [14] and due to the oxidation of Co (II) to Co (III) by Mn oxide in the FeMn crusts [29]. Fe and Mn have an inverse relationship, with fluctuations in their relative concentration of typically between 2 and 5 wt% (Figure 6), and each forming 10-45 wt% of the crusts.…”

Section: Sem-edsmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Phosphatized samples consisting primarily of carbonate fluorapatite were also dredged off the eastern flank. Measured bulk contents were 13-28 wt% Fe, [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] wt% Mn, and 0-0.72 wt% Co. Growth rates estimated using the Co-chronometer were between 1.19 mm/Ma and 2.66 mm/Ma [19]. Bathymetry data is taken from GEBCO [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Mineral Resource Potential of Atlantic Ferromanganese Crusts Based on Their Growth History, Microstructure, and Texture

et al. 2018

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Abstract:The decarbonisation of our energy supply is reliant on new technologies that are raw material intensive and will require a significant increase in the production of metals to sustain them. Ferromanganese (FeMn) crusts are seafloor precipitates, enriched in metals such as cobalt and tellurium, both of which have a predicted future demand above current production rates. In this study, we investigate the texture and composition of FeMn crusts on Tropic Seamount, a typical Atlantic guyot off the coast of western Africa, as a basis for assessing the future mineral resource potential of Atlantic Seamounts. The majority of the summit is flat and covered by FeMn crusts with average thicknesses of 3-4 cm. The crusts are characterized by two dominant textures consisting of either massive pillared growth or more chaotic, cuspate sections of FeMn oxides, with an increased proportion of detrital and organic material. The Fe, Mn, and Co contents in the FeMn oxide layers are not affected by texture. However, detrital material and bioclasts can form about 50% of cuspate areas, and the dilution effect of this entrained material considerably reduces the Fe, Mn, and Co concentrations if the bulk samples are analyzed. Whilst Tropic Seamount meets many of the prerequisites for a crust mining area, the thickness of the crusts and their average metal composition means extraction is unlikely to be viable in the near future. The ability to exploit more difficult terrains or multiple, closely spaced edifices would make economic feasibility more likely.

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Section: Sem-edsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Mineral Resource Potential of Atlantic Ferromanganese Crusts Based on Their Growth History, Microstructure, and Texture

et al. 2018

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“…However, those elements typically occur in concentrations higher than Co and Ce as they are mostly associated with silicate detritus, which is the second abundant component after Fe-Mn oxide. However, Ti can have a significant hydrogenetic component (Koschinsky and Halbach 1995). The generally observed correlation of Co with Mn and Ce with Fe in seamount Fe-Mn crusts (e.g., Banakar and Hein 2000;De Carlo and McMurtry 1992;Halbach et al 1989b;Hein et al 2000;Koschinsky and Hein 2003) does not occur in the ANS Fe-Mn crust data set (table 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Platinum group elements and gold in ferromanganese crusts from Afanasiy-Nikitin seamount, equatorial Indian Ocean: Sources and fractionation

et al. 2007

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The major element relationships in ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts from Afanasiy-Nikitin seamount (ANS), eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, appear to be atypical. High positive correlations (r = 0.99) between Mn/Co and Fe/Co ratios, and lack of correlation of those ratios with Co, Ce, and Ce/Co, indicate that the ANS Fe-Mn crusts are distinct from Pacific seamount Fe-Mn crusts, and reflect region-specific chemical characteristics. The platinum group elements (PGE: Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd) and Au in ANS Fe-Mn crusts are derived from seawater and are mainly of terrestrial origin, with a minor cosmogenic component. The Ru/Rh (0.5-2) and Pt/Ru ratios (7-28) are closely comparable to ratios in continental basalts, whereas Pd/Ir ratios exhibit values (< 2) similar to CI-chondrite (∼ 1). The chondrite-normalized PGE patterns are similar to those of igneous rocks, except that Pd is relatively depleted. The water depth of Fe-Mn crust formation appears to have a first-order control on both major element and PGE enrichments. These relationships are defined statistically by significant (r > 0.75) correlations between water depth and Mn/Co, Fe/Co, Ce/Co, Co, and the PGEs. Fractionation of the PGE-Au from seawater during colloidal precipitation of the major-oxide phases is indicated by well-defined linear positive correlations (r > 0.8) of Co and Ce with Ir, Ru, Rh, and Pt; Au/Co with Mn/Co; and by weak or no correlations of Pd with water depth, Co-normalized major-element ratios, and with the other PGE (r < 0.5). The strong enrichment of Pt (up to 1 ppm) relative to the other PGE and its positive correlations with Ce and Co demonstrate a common link for the high concentrations of all three elements, which likely involves an oxidation reaction on the Mn-oxide and Fe-oxyhydroxide surfaces. The documented fractionation of PGE-Au and their positive association with redox sensitive Co and Ce may have applications in reconstructing past-ocean redox conditions and water masses.

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“…A cross section of the surface shows characteristic structures similar to annual rings. A chemical characteristic of ferromanganese sediment is that trace elements, such as rare-earth elements, which are enriched in seawater, are concentrated on the surface of ferromanganese nodules, 1 and are seen as annual rings. It is expected that the ring structure contains significant information on the history of ocean environments, since the growth rate has been estimated to be ~50 mm/10 6 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination Method of Multi Elements in Ferromanganese Samples by LA-ICP-MS

2013

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A dilution method using MnO2 for the manganese nodule standard, JMn1, has been newly adopted to obtain accurate calibration lines. Moreover, an internal standard correction method was applied to correct changes in the sample introduction efficiency for the prime purpose of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis. Using the dilution method and the correction method, good calibration lines were successfully obtained for 13 elements. The methods were also applied to the analysis of ferromanganese nodules. The results were in accordance with those obtained by ICP-MS, which requires chemical treatments of samples. The results are encouraging, and imply a high potential of LA-ICP-MS for the analysis of trace elements in ferromanganese nodules.

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Sequential leaching of marine ferromanganese precipitates: Genetic implications

Cited by 322 publications

References 32 publications

Assessment of the Mineral Resource Potential of Atlantic Ferromanganese Crusts Based on Their Growth History, Microstructure, and Texture

Assessment of the Mineral Resource Potential of Atlantic Ferromanganese Crusts Based on Their Growth History, Microstructure, and Texture

Platinum group elements and gold in ferromanganese crusts from Afanasiy-Nikitin seamount, equatorial Indian Ocean: Sources and fractionation

Determination Method of Multi Elements in Ferromanganese Samples by LA-ICP-MS

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