“…The expressions of macrophage-phenotype surface markers, as CD163, CD86, CD11c, CD206, and C-C motif chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), of proinflammatory cytokines as tumor necrosis factor (TNF/TNFα), nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2/iNOS), IL1β, IL6, IL18, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), of anti-inflammatory cytokines as IL4, IL10, IL13, arginase 1 (ARG1) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), of growth factor genes able to promote osteogenesis, as bone morphogenetic protein 2 ( BMP2 ), bone morphogenetic protein 6 ( BMP6 ), vascular endothelial growth factor A ( VEGF ) and oncostatin M ( OSM ) in RAW 264.7, can be evaluated by flow cytometry and/or RT-qPCR and/or immunofluorescence staining and/or Western blot [ 14 , 59 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 81 , 86 , 88 , 101 , 102 , 108 , 137 , 138 , 139 ]. It is possible to assess the expression of inflammation-associated genes, such as interleukin 6 ( IL6 ), on osteogenic cells cultured on the scaffolds [ 89 ].…”