Sequential extraction of fallout radiocesium from the soil: Small scale and large scale spatial variability

Effect of sample drying and storage time on the extraction of fallout 239+240Pu, 137Cs and natural 210Pb as well as of stable Cs, Pb and Mn from soils

“…This is somewhat surprising, because in recent years sequential extraction techniques have been used increasingly for investigating the forms of either artificial radionuclides in the soil, those resulting from fallout, such as 137 Cs, 90 Sr, or 239+240 Pu (see refs. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] or those from natural sources, such as 226 Ra or 210 Pb (see, e.g., ref. 20).…”

Site Selection and Sampling Design

“…Sutherland (1996) summarized the most complete literature review on reference sites. Bunzl et al (1997Bunzl et al ( , 2000, Schuller et al (1997), Lettner et al (2000), and Golosov et al (1999) provide more-recent information on selection of and variability within reference sites, while Pennock (2000) placed variability in reference sites in the context of variability in other soil properties.…”

“…The CV of reference sites is typically about 19% (see above), and the CV is normally higher for disturbed sites. This variability is largely inherent to the spatial distribution of and cannot be readily lowered (Bunzl et al, 1997;Lettner et al, 2000). Hence, sampling designs have to be made within the constraints posed by the inherent variability of The final two factors, effect size and sample numbers, are central to the planning of research designs.…”

Evaluation of the possibility to use the plant–microbe interaction to stimulate radioactive 137Cs accumulation by plants in a contaminated farm field in Fukushima, Japan

“…The detector efficiency for 137 Cs was 47 % and the energy resolution was <10 %. The Organic matter (%, w/w) 3.9 Bunzl et al (1997) detector was calibrated using blank background samples and a reference 137 Cs standard (Spectrum Techniques, USA) with an activity of 10.878 kBq. Activities in plants were expressed in Bq kg DW −1 and were decay corrected to the sampling date.…”