Sequential effects in magnitude scaling: Models and theory.

DeCarlo, Lawrence T.; Cross, David V.

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.119.4.375

Cited by 112 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The idea that apparent duration depends upon the preceding stimulus is consistent with the general finding that perceptual (and non-perceptual) judgments are shaped by the previously judged Speed changes and time perception 15 item (e.g., DeCarlo & Cross, 1990;Matthews & Stewart, 2009a;Matthews & Stewart, 2009b;Ward & Lockhead, 1970), and with evidence that is more specific to time perception. For example, G.D.A.…”

Section: The Dissociation Between Judged Duration and Reproduced Durasupporting

confidence: 64%

How do changes in speed affect the perception of duration?

Matthews¹

2011

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Six experiments investigated how changes in stimulus speed influence subjective duration. Participants saw rotating or translating shapes in three conditions: constant speed, accelerating motion, and decelerating motion. The distance moved and average speed were the same in all three conditions. In temporal judgment tasks, the constant-speed objects seemed to last longer than the decelerating objects, which in turn seemed to last longer than the accelerating stimuli. In temporal reproduction tasks, the difference between accelerating and decelerating stimuli disappeared; furthermore, watching an accelerating shape lengthened the apparent duration of the subsequent (static) display. These results (a) suggest that temporal judgment and reproduction can dissociate for moving stimuli because the stimulus influences the apparent duration of the subsequent interval, and (b) constrain theories of time perception, including those which emphasize memory storage, those which emphasize the existence of a pacemakeraccumulator timing system, and those which emphasize the division of attention between temporal and non-temporal information processing.

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Section: The Dissociation Between Judged Duration and Reproduced Durasupporting

confidence: 64%

How do changes in speed affect the perception of duration?

Matthews¹

2011

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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“…Stewart explained the pattern by modifying the RJM to include a memory for the stimulus two trials back that on some trials is used instead of the memory for the stimulus one trial back as the basis for relative judgment. Other experiments by DeCarlo and Cross (1990) and DeCarlo (1994) demonstrated that instructions significantly impact whether magnitude judgments are made relative to short-or longterm referent stimuli and responses. These findings present problems for models that rely solely on absolute or solely on relative mechanisms, requiring suitable extensions of the relative approach, as shown by Stewart, and a suitable extension of the absolute approach, as we show for SAMBA.…”

Section: Local Effects: Sequential Effect On Accuracy and Errorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated model of choices and response times in absolute identification.

Brown¹,

Marley²,

Donkin³

et al. 2008

Psychological Review

101

165

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Recent theoretical developments in the field of absolute identification have stressed differences between relative and absolute processes, that is, whether stimulus magnitudes are judged relative to a shorter term context provided by recently presented stimuli or a longer term context provided by the entire set of stimuli. The authors developed a model (SAMBA: selective attention, mapping, and ballistic accumulation) that integrates shorter and longer term memory processes and accounts for both the choices made and the associated response time distributions, including sequential effects in each. The model's predictions arise as a consequence of its architecture and require estimation of only a few parameters with values that are consistent across numerous data sets. The authors show that SAMBA provides a quantitative account of benchmark choice phenomena in classical absolute identification experiments and in contemporary data involving both choice and response time.Keywords: absolute identification, absolute identification models, response time, response time distributions, sequential effects Performance in absolute identification tasks has fascinated researchers for over 50 years (e.g., Garner, 1953;Miller, 1956;Pollack, 1952Pollack, , 1953. Research in the past 35 years has emphasized both data and formal theories (e.g., Braida & Durlach, 1972;Durlach & Braida, 1969;Laming, 1984;Lockhead, 2004;Luce, Nosofsky, Green, & Smith, 1982;Marley & Cook, 1984;Petrov & Anderson, 2005;Stewart, Brown, & Chater, 2005;Treisman & Williams, 1984) and, most recently, has been concerned with both the choices made and the time it takes to make them (Kent & Lamberts, 2005;Lacouture & Marley, 1991, 1995, 2004. As Shiffrin and Nosofsky (1994, p. 358) stated in an article reassessing the significance of Miller's (1956) classic paper, "absolute identification has captured the imagination . . . not only because the empirical results are so startling . . . but also because [they] provide perplexing problems for classic psychophysical models." Luce (1986, chapter 10) gave an excellent summary of data and theory to that date, and Lockhead (2004) summarized data and theory most relevant to relative interpretations of absolute identification, where the relativity is with respect to stimuli and responses from previous trials. Stewart et al. (2005) and Petrov and Anderson (2005) provided comprehensive reviews of choice data and the related theory, with emphasis on theoretical approaches over the past 20 years.A typical absolute identification task requires a participant to identify, on each trial, which stimulus has been presented from a relatively small prespecified set. In general, people are unable to accurately identify more than about 8 -10 stimuli that vary on a single physical dimension. For example, the stimuli might be a set of 10 lines varying only in length, with the shortest line labeled 1 and the longest 10. A participant previews the entire labeled set and is then shown the lines one at time, over numerous trials, and asked t...

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“…That is, if the previous stimulus was more intense than the current stimulus, then the subject tends to score the current stimulus as more intense. This effect is asymmetric, in that the transition from stimulus i 3 to stimulus i 5 is not the same as for i 5 to i 3 Various models for this carry-over effect have been proposed (DeCarlo and Cross, 1990), but we will consider here a model in which the effect is proportional to the magnitude difference between the prior and current stimulus:…”

Section: Carry-over Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous carry-over designs for fMRI

2007

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This paper describes continuous carry-over fMRI experiments. In these studies, stimuli are presented in an unbroken, sequential manner, and can be used to estimate simultaneously the mean difference in neural activity between stimuli as well as the effect of one stimulus upon another (carry-over effects). Neural adaptation, which has been the basis of many recent fMRI studies, is shown to be a specific form of carry-over effect. With this approach, the adapting effects of stimuli may be studied in a continuous sequence, as opposed to within isolated pairs or blocks. Additionally, the average, direct effect of a stimulus upon neural response can form the basis of a simultaneously obtained distributed pattern analysis, allowing comparison of neural population coding on focal (within voxel) and distributed (across voxel) spatial scales. These studies are ideally conducted with serially balanced sequences, in which every stimulus precedes and follows every other stimulus. While msequences can provide this stimulus order, the type 1 index 1 sequence of Finney and Outhwaite may be used in fMRI studies for those experimental designs for which an m-sequence solution does not exist. Continuous carry-over designs with serially balanced sequences are argued to be particularly well suited to the characterization of "similarity spaces," in which the perceptual similarity of stimuli is related to the structure of neural representation both within and across voxels. These concepts are illustrated with a worked example involving the neural representation of color. It is shown that data from a single scanning session is sufficient to detect direct and carry-over effects, as well as demonstrate the correspondence of the similarity structure of distributed patterns of neural firing and the perceptual similarity of a set of colors.

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Sequential effects in magnitude scaling: Models and theory.

Cited by 112 publications

References 47 publications

How do changes in speed affect the perception of duration?

How do changes in speed affect the perception of duration?

An integrated model of choices and response times in absolute identification.

Continuous carry-over designs for fMRI

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