Sequence of sedimentation processes caused by the 1992 Flores tsunami: Evidence from Babi Island

New sedimentary and geomorphic evidence of tsunami flooding related to an older events along the Tangier-Asilah coastal plain, Morocco

“…Vertical grain-size distribution within the sand layer can form graded bedding, with often coarse sand at the base and fine sand at the top (Cuven et al 2013;Koster and Reicherter 2014). Backwash units have been recognized in inhabited areas from the presence of human artefacts in the deposits Bondevik et al 1997b;Minoura et al 1997). The backwash often erodes the substratum and the newly deposited tsunamites before depositing a poorly sorted sandy mud or fine grain sands.…”

“…Normal grading is often reported for tsunami deposits (e.g. Bondevik et al 1997b;Minoura et al 1997;Gelfenbaum and Jaffe 2003), especially in their upper part, reverse graded or ungraded material is typical of the lower part of tsunami deposits but is less common than normal grading (Hori et al 2007;Paris et al 2007;Choowong et al 2008). Erosion of the substratum by the tsunami flood waters is attested by scour-and-fill features and rip-up clasts (of soil for example).…”

Local variation of inundation, sedimentary characteristics, and mineral assemblages of the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami on the Misawa coast, Aomori, Japan

“…The distribution, composition, and sedimentary structures of several modern tsunami deposits have been studied, including the 1992 Flores (Minoura et al, 1997;Shi et al, 1995Shi et al, ), 1993 Okushiri (Nishimura and Miyaji, 1995;Sato et al, 1995Sato et al, ), 1994 Java (e.g. Dawson et al, 1996), 1998 Papua New Guinea (e.g.…”

“…Some studies have concluded that the distribution and thickness of tsunami deposits were strongly affected by the local topography of depositional areas (e.g. Nishimura and Miyaji, 1995;Minoura et al, 1997;Hori et al, 2007). Tsunami flow heights and amount of tsunami erosion also affected deposition (e.g.…”

26 December 2004 tsunami deposits left in areas of various tsunami run up in coastal zone of Thailand

“…During the last 15 years, much effort has been devoted to documenting the various recent tsunami deposits (Nishimura and Miyaji, 1995;Sato et al, 1995;Shi et al, 1995;Dawson et al, 1996;Minoura et al, 1997;Bourgeois et al, 1999;Gelfenbaum and Jaffe, 2003;Nanayama and Shigeno, 2006;Higman and Bourgeois, 2008;Goto et al, 2011;Moore et al, 2011). The majority of these works focused on documentation of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami (IOT) depositional effects along the coasts of Sumatra (Moore et al, 2006;Razzhigaeva et al, 2006;Richmond et al, 2006;Paris et al, 2007Paris et al, , 2009, Thailand (Hori et al, 2007;Kelletat et al, 2007;Choowong et al, 2008a, b;Matsumoto et al, 2008;Sawai et al, 2009;Fujino et al, 2010;Naruse et al, 2010), Sri Lanka (Morton et al, 2008), India (Bahlburg and Weiss, 2007;Srinivasalu et al, 2007) and Maldives (Kench et al, 2006).…”