Sequence and genomic organization of GBV-C: A novel member of the flaviviridae associated with human non-A-E hepatitis

Tp, Leary; As, Muerhoff; Jn, Simons; Tj, Pilot-Matias; Jc, Erker; Ml, Chalmers; Gg, Schlauder; Gj, Dawson; Sm, Desai; Ik, Mushahwar

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199601)48:1<60::aid-jmv10>3.0.co;2-a

Cited by 520 publications

(270 citation statements)

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“…RT-PCR was performed as pre-fied fragment was 93% between index case A and his mother, viously reported. 3 The expected size of the amplified fragments were 88% between index case A and his brother, and 94% between of 320 and 273 nucleotides for 5 noncoding and NS3/helicase regions, index case B and his mother. The homology between the serespectively.…”

Section: -Gagacaaagctggacgttggt-3 Ams4 [Antisense]: -Caa-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of hepatitis GB virus type C RNA in serum and liver from children with chronic viral hepatitis B and C

et al. 1997

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virus infects patients with chronic viral hepatitis, intraveThe aim of this work was to study the presence of the nous drug abusers, and organ or blood recipients. 2,4,5 To our hepatitis GB virus type C (HGBV-C) in liver and serum knowledge, the presence of HGBV-C RNA in children with samples of children with chronic viral hepatitis, the time chronic viral hepatitis has not yet been reported. course of changes in viral RNA, and the possible acquisi-We have retrospectively analyzed the presence of HGBVtion routes of infection. Frozen serum and liver samples C RNA in paired serum and liver samples from 58 children from 58 children with chronic hepatitis B (n Å 33) or C with chronic hepatitis B or C. We have also studied the time (n Å 25) were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction.course of changes in serum HGBV-C RNA in both treated Twenty-seven children had been included in different and untreated children with chronic viral hepatitis as well interferon trials. Two additional serum samples from the as the possible routes of HGBV-C transmission in infected HGBV-C-positive children as well as serum samples from children. properly stored at 020ЊC (serum samples) or in liquid nitrogen (liver mother. In the 3 children receiving alpha-interferon, samples). The mean age of the children was 12.1 { 3.9 years (range: HGBV-C RNA became undetectable during treatment al-2-16 years). Forty-six of 58 children had had abnormal alanine amithough it reappeared in 2 of them after therapy. In con-notransferase (ALT) levels for at least 1 year before the study start clusion, we found that 15% of children with chronic viral ( 21. Twenty-seven children had been included in different interferon Studies of HGBV-C RNA prevalence have shown that this (IFN) trials; in these cases, the first sample analyzed corresponded to the baseline sample of the trial.In the HGBV-C RNA-positive children two additional serum samples, apart from the baseline sample, were analyzed. In the treated Abbreviations: HGBV-C, hepatitis GB virus type C; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; children, serum samples were taken at the end of treatment (range:anti-HBe, antibodies to hepatitis B e antigen; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HBV, hepatitis B 6-9 months) and follow-up period (range: 12-18 months after the virus; IFN, interferon; HBeAg, hepatitis B e antigen; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-nested end of treatment). In the untreated children, two additional serum polymerase chain reaction.samples taken 12 months and 18-30 months after the first sample infection.

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Section: -Gagacaaagctggacgttggt-3 Ams4 [Antisense]: -Caa-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of hepatitis GB virus type C RNA in serum and liver from children with chronic viral hepatitis B and C

et al. 1997

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“…This single-strand RNA virus comprises a positive-sense genome of a 9733 nucleotides arranged as a single open reading frame (Leary et al 1996;Linnen et al 1996). GBV-C is particularly notable in that it establishes a persistent, asymptomatic infection within hosts and is widely distributed in the healthy human population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bayesian Coalescent Analysis Reveals a High Rate of Molecular Evolution in GB Virus C

2008

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GB virus C/hepatitis G (GBV-C) is an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. Despite replicating with an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, some previous estimates of rates of evolutionary change in GBV-C suggest that it fixes mutations at the anomalously low rate of ~10 −7 nucleotide substitution per site, per year. However, these estimates were largely based on the assumption that GBV-C and its close relative GBV-A (New World monkey GB viruses) codiverged with their primate hosts over millions of years. Herein, we estimated the substitution rate of GBV-C using the largest set of dated GBV-C isolates compiled to date and a Bayesian coalescent approach that utilizes the year of sampling and so is independent of the assumption of codivergence. This revealed a rate of evolutionary change approximately four orders of magnitude higher than that estimated previously, in the range of 10 −2 to 10 −3 sub/site/year, and hence in line with those previously determined for RNA viruses in general and the Flaviviridae in particular. In addition, we tested the assumption of host-virus codivergence in GBV-A by performing a reconciliation analysis of host and virus phylogenies. Strikingly, we found no statistical evidence for host-virus codivergence in GBV-A, indicating that substitution rates in the GB viruses should not be estimated from host divergence times.

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“…GB virus C (GBV-C) is a positive-strand RNA virus infecting humans [Simons et al, 1995;Linnen et al, 1996;Leary et al, 1996b]. Infection is common in the normal population with up to 12.9% prevalence among paid blood donors in the USA [Dawson et al, 1996], 11%-14% in West Africa or South Africa [Dawson et al, 1996;Casteling et al, 1998], and as high as 37% among HIV-infected individuals [Tillmann and Manns, 2001].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infection is common in the normal population with up to 12.9% prevalence among paid blood donors in the USA [Dawson et al, 1996], 11%-14% in West Africa or South Africa [Dawson et al, 1996;Casteling et al, 1998], and as high as 37% among HIV-infected individuals [Tillmann and Manns, 2001]. GBV-C has been classified tentatively as a member of the Flaviviridae family due to similarities in genome organization and genetic relatedness [Leary et al, 1996a]. The genomic organization of GBV-C is similar to that of hepatitis C virus (HCV), its next-closest relative, except that GBV-C does not encode a nucleocapsid protein nor does it establish persistent infections following anti-E2 seroconversion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A previously unrecognized sixth genotype of GB virus C revealed by analysis of 5′‐untranslated region sequences

Muerhoff

Dawson

Desai

2005

Journal of Medical Virology

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GB virus C (GBV‐C) is a positive‐strand RNA virus that infects a large proportion of the world's human population. It has been classified tentatively as a member of the Flaviviridae family and has been shown to exist as a group of five closely related genotypes. Recently, we reported the first full‐length genome sequence of a genotype 5 isolate from South Africa [Muerhoff et al. (2005): J Gen Virol 86: 1729–1735]. As part of the analysis of that sequence, a phylogenetic tree was elucidated from the 5′‐untranslated region (UTR) that showed excellent congruence to the tree produced by analysis of complete open reading frame sequences. When 5′‐UTR analysis was broadened subsequently to include additional isolates from around the globe, a heretofore unrecognized GBV‐C genotype was discovered in Indonesia. When first reported in 2000 [Handajani et al. (2000): J Clin Microbiol 38:662–668], these isolates were described as constituting a novel fifth genotype. However, comparison to isolates from the then‐known fourth and fifth genotypes (from Myanmar/Vietnam and South Africa, respectively) was not performed. A dataset of 121 GBV‐C 5′‐UTR sequences was complied and included representatives of the fourth and fifth genotypes as well as the “novel” Indonesian sequences and demonstrated, with strong support via bootstrap analysis, the existence of a sixth GBV‐C genotype among infected individuals in Indonesia. The discovery of this sixth genotype emphasizes the diverse nature of GBV‐C isolates and may have important implications for the interpretation of studies involving GBV‐C/HIV co‐infected individuals. J. Med. Virol. 78:105–111, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, inc.

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Sequence and genomic organization of GBV-C: A novel member of the flaviviridae associated with human non-A-E hepatitis

Cited by 520 publications

References 27 publications

Detection of hepatitis GB virus type C RNA in serum and liver from children with chronic viral hepatitis B and C

Detection of hepatitis GB virus type C RNA in serum and liver from children with chronic viral hepatitis B and C

Bayesian Coalescent Analysis Reveals a High Rate of Molecular Evolution in GB Virus C

A previously unrecognized sixth genotype of GB virus C revealed by analysis of 5′‐untranslated region sequences

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