SEQUENCE AND EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF DEER MOUSE INTERFERON-γ, INTERLEUKIN-10, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR, AND LYMPHOTOXIN-α

Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome is a zoonotic illness associated with a systemic inflammatory immune response, capillary leak, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, and shock in humans. Cytokines, including TNF, IFN-␥, and lymphotoxin, are thought to contribute to its pathogenesis. In contrast, infected rodent reservoirs of hantaviruses experience few or no pathologic changes and the host rodent can remain persistently infected for life. Generally, it is unknown why such dichotomous immune responses occur between humans and reservoir hosts. Thus, we examined CD4 ؉ T cell responses from one such reservoir, the deer mouse (Peromy-

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“…40; unpublished observations). Consequently, we developed molecular assays to overcome these limitations (35,41,42).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory T cell-like responses in deer mice persistently infected with Sin Nombre virus

Schountz

Prescott²,

Cogswell³

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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107

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“…For these reasons, RHVs found in deer mice and rats are most appropriate, as both these host species are tractable and well characterized. Deer mice were extensively used as an experimental model for hantaviruses and are available as inbred and outbred strains (102–108). Additionally, the genetic diversity observed among deer mouse and rat hepacivirus variants would be extremely useful for the study of heterologous immunity following virus challenge.…”

Section: Animal Hepaciviruses As Surrogate Experimental Models For Hementioning

confidence: 99%

The Strange, Expanding World of Animal Hepaciviruses

2016

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Hepaciviruses and pegiviruses constitute two closely related sister genera of the family Flaviviridae. In the past five years, the known phylogenetic diversity of the hepacivirus genera has absolutely exploded. What was once an isolated infection in humans (and possibly other primates) has now expanded to include horses, rodents, bats, colobus monkeys, cows, and, most recently, catsharks, shedding new light on the genetic diversity and host range of hepaciviruses. Interestingly, despite the identification of these many animal and primate hepaciviruses, the equine hepaciviruses remain the closest genetic relatives of the human hepaciviruses, providing an intriguing clue to the zoonotic source of hepatitis C virus. This review summarizes the significance of these studies and discusses current thinking about the origin and evolution of the animal hepaciviruses as well as their potential usage as surrogate models for the study of hepatitis C virus.

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“…The expression of these genes was quantified in the spleen, a secondary lymphoid organ in which hantavirus replication rates are low (for example, Botten et al, 2000) and Tnf-a gene expression is not induced in response to hantavirus infection (Easterbrook and Klein, 2008;Guivier et al, 2010b;Schountz et al, 2012, Spengler et al, 2013. This probably reflects the presence of macrophages constitutively expressing the Tnfa gene (Hutchinson et al, 1998;Herbst et al, 2002). Similarly, Stoltz et al (2011) showed that PUUV did not induce an increase in Mx2 mRNA production in bank vole embryonic fibroblasts.…”

Section: Association Between the Expression Of Tnf-a Or Mx2 And Puuv mentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape features and helminth co-infection shape bank vole immunoheterogeneity, with consequences for Puumala virus epidemiology

et al. 2013

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Heterogeneity in environmental conditions helps to maintain genetic and phenotypic diversity in ecosystems. As such, it may explain why the capacity of animals to mount immune responses is highly variable. The quality of habitat patches, in terms of resources, parasitism, predation and habitat fragmentation may, for example, trigger trade-offs ultimately affecting the investment of individuals in various immunological pathways. We described spatial immunoheterogeneity in bank vole populations with respect to landscape features and co-infection. We focused on the consequences of this heterogeneity for the risk of Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) infection. We assessed the expression of the Tnf-a and Mx2 genes and demonstrated a negative correlation between PUUV load and the expression of these immune genes in bank voles. Habitat heterogeneity was partly associated with differences in the expression of these genes. Levels of Mx2 were lower in large forests than in fragmented forests, possibly due to differences in parasite communities. We previously highlighted the positive association between infection with Heligmosomum mixtum and infection with PUUV. We found that Tnf-a was more strongly expressed in voles infected with PUUV than in uninfected voles or in voles co-infected with the nematode H. mixtum and PUUV. H. mixtum may limit the capacity of the vole to develop proinflammatory responses. This effect may increase the risk of PUUV infection and replication in host cells. Overall, our results suggest that close interactions between landscape features, co-infection and immune gene expression may shape PUUV epidemiology.

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SEQUENCE AND EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF DEER MOUSE INTERFERON-γ, INTERLEUKIN-10, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR, AND LYMPHOTOXIN-α

Cited by 21 publications

References 53 publications

Regulatory T cell-like responses in deer mice persistently infected with Sin Nombre virus

Regulatory T cell-like responses in deer mice persistently infected with Sin Nombre virus

The Strange, Expanding World of Animal Hepaciviruses

Landscape features and helminth co-infection shape bank vole immunoheterogeneity, with consequences for Puumala virus epidemiology

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